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Essay about American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery

American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is not a new field of medicine. Traditionally, plastic surgery dealt with fixing abnormalities of the body, but recently people are enjoying the luxury of plastic surgery simply because they are not happy with their appearance. People make appointments with plastic surgeons for procedures such as rhinoplasty, liposuction, tummy tucks, face lifts, and most commonly breast augmentation. These people look forward to desired results from such procedures without considering the risks. Many risks accompany plastic surgery, but they are rarely discussed in the media. Death is even a possible conclusion of the surgery. Why would people subject themselves to such conditions as having†¦show more content†¦Television shows such as Nip Tuck (FX), The Swan (ABC), Extreme Makeover (NBC), Doctor 90210 (E), and I Want a Famous Face (MTV) influence teenagers to alter their appearance. Through watching these television shows young people are able to view common plastic su rgery procedures. These television shows that teens are viewing, however, lack an accurate depiction of what could go wrong in any given plastic surgery procedure. It is no question that peer pressure is a big issue when it comes to teenagers, but appearance can literally become an emotional issue. Teens simply follow the norm of society and ask their parents if they can get a nose job or even breast augmentation. It amazes me how many times I have heard people tell me that they got a boob job for their graduation gift from their parents. Why would parents permit their children to undergo the unnecessary risk of injury or even death? Not to mention the cost of plastic surgery is extremely expensive. Common procedures that teens undergo include: rhinoplasty, otoplasty, liposuction, face lifts, laser hair removal, botox injections, collagen injections, and of course breast augmentation. Rhinoplasty is the reshaping of the sculpture of the nose, and this procedure is the most customary among teenagers. Otoplasty is the reshaping of the sculpture of the ears. These procedures range from $3000 to $4000. Laser hair removal costs about $600. Collagen and botox injections, which get rid of theShow MoreRelatedTeenagers and the Plastic Surgery Epidemic Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesToday, an overwhelming number of American teenagers choose to alter their body in order to fit the unrealistic standard of physical attractiveness created by our beauty-obsessed culture. Teens feel an immense amount of pressure to look â€Å"beautiful† from the media, peers and even parents. Teenagers are going to extreme lengths to reach this physical perfection, but when it comes down to it, jus t how far is too far? The numbers of teens going through with plastic surgery is startling and will continueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Teens Under The Knife By Kaitlyn Ali And Tiffany Lam1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article entitled Teens Under the Knife written by Kaitlyn Ali and Tiffany Lam readers are informed on the possible risks that are exposed to teens who have cosmetic surgery. Ali and Lam state, There are many risks in plastic surgery, such as permanent numbness, infections, blood clots, and even death (par. 9). The developing bodies of teens are still changing which could lead to altering the effects or future displacement of the surgical procedure. The article states, Because teens Read MoreTeenagers Should Never Have Cosmetic Surgery Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesTeenagers Should Never Have Cosmetic Surgery In 2012, over 236,000 teenagers from the ages of 13-19 years old, went under the syringe to have a cosmetic procedure done (Gilbert, Web). Teenagers should never be able to have cosmetic surgeries because of the harmful effects the procedures have. Teenage minds and bodies are not fully developed until they are in their early twenties. Therefore, doctors are unable to fully comprehend the risks these procedures will have on the teenagers, since theirRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Surgery Among Teenagers1467 Words   |  6 Pages Plastic Surgery amongst Teenagers is on the rise In the year 2015, where here in the United States following the lastest celebrities has become an influence on many teens across the Unites States, what I mean by influence is plastic surgery. You see it everywhere it s on TV, on billboards, on the radio and all over the magazines. It seems as if everything a well known celebrity does teens want to do also. And what celebrity has gottenRead MoreWhy The World Want Plastic Surgery1480 Words   |  6 Pagesa big nose. Bullying is not the only reason to get a plastic surgery but it is a big reason why people resort to such drastic measures. What problems specifically lead to plastic surgery? First, it is important to mention that plastic surgery has two branches. There is cosmetic surgery, people use it to improve there appearance while on the other side reconstructive surgery treats serious health issues. When you hear the words â€Å"plastic surgery† you thing about nose jobs, face lifting and breastRead MoreThe Age Of The Cosmetic Epidemic1042 Words   |  5 Pageswill go through whatever measures to be plastic just like her. An overwhelming amount of Americans teens are choosing to change their appearance to fit into a highly unrealistic and unattainable standard of beauty that was created and forced upon us by our physically obsessed culture. There is no doubt that teens feel an enormous pressure to look â€Å"beautiful† and feel obligated to do whatever necessary to reach â€Å"perfection.† Contrary to what many believe, American teens, like most teens around the worldRead MoreShould Teenagers Do Plastic Surgery?1128 Words   |  5 PagesXia oyan Gu Professor Perin English 294 11/17/2015 Should Teenagers Do Plastic Surgery? Have you noticed that some parents who are extremely young beauty pageant contestants contest that competitive can provide confidence for their children? Or students who are trying to show their individuality by negotiating abandoning uniform policy? Or, that some companies are more willing to hire a person when they are attractive? Nowadays, people are more focused on external beauty than inner beauty. SometimesRead MoreTeenagers and Cosmetic Surgery1573 Words   |  6 Pagesmany teenagers. As a result, teenagers from all around the world who are insecure concerning their appearances are more likely to have cosmetic surgery to blend in, to avoid peer harassments, and to stop further inner torments. Keep in mind that plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery are different even though both surgeries are used to fix someone’s physical body. Plastic surgery are used to mend looks that are ruined due to terrible accidents, and is pay by insurance, while cosmetic surgery are usedRead M orePlastic Surgery Operations For The Age1337 Words   |  6 Pages356 plastic surgery operations for the age group 13-19 in 2012 alone (Penningtons Manches) and surely the rate has increased in the past 4 years. Many people believe that it is up to the child to decide what they do to their bodies but those decisions can negatively affect their overall wellbeing. Understanding that there are certain exceptions, such as it being medically necessary, to this, teenagers under the age of 18 should not be allowed, even with parental consent, to get plastic surgery forRead MoreThe Development Of Cosmetic Surgery1556 Words   |  7 Pagesnot the only ones resulting to plastic surgery to maintain or enhance their appearance. Many people are riveted by the fact that at the age of fifteen years old, Jen Selter had plastic surgery because of her â€Å"large† nose (Victoria). Caitlin Clemons, age eighteen, had surgical breast augmentation in order to â€Å"fulfill† her self- est eem (Victoria). These cases are what have shifted natural beauty to the idea that reflection is everything. The development of cosmetic surgery has evolved from the need to

Appropriate manners Essay Example For Students

Appropriate manners Essay When we first meet Blackie in the story we find that he has no appropriate manners when talking about an adult, Who cares?Its only old Miserys. From this we find that Blackie is not very kind hearted as he degrades Mr. Thomas. Also we discover that Blackie has a perverse and cynical attitude about the chocolates which were given by Mr. Thomas as he says, Well show him that we dont take bribes. Already, we know that he is a nasty character as he shows no gratitude towards Mr. Thomas. When T. tells the gang he has been into Mr. Thomass house, Blackies reply to him is, What did you do it for then?. This tells us that Blackie is narrow minded as he has no other motive than theft. We also find that Blackie may be a strong figure on the outside but he is soft inside as he is anxious that they might get caught if they destroy Mr. Thomass house, Whatd the police be doing all the time. We find that later in the story he is dominated by the power of T.s leadership style and innovation. There is a change in Blackies character as we dont see him as no.1 but no. The authors characterization of Blackie is fairly simplistic, in the way that he is the common person you have in a gang. In addition, the relationship between him, T. and Mr. Thomas is interesting and keeps us puzzled about why Blackie dislikes Mr. Thomas and why Blackie is somehow under T.s power, as well as the rest of the gang.  We find that Mr. Thomas is a kind hearted person through our perspective; however through the eyes of the gang he is mean. As far as Mr. Thomass personal life goes we find that he is very stubborn about his money spending as the author points out, Once a week you could see him coming back across the common with bread and vegetables. This definitely insinuates the idea that Mr. Thomas is not very rich. I got some chocolates, this line tells us that he is nice towards the kids as chocolate then cost quite a lot; would have be considered important and special. In addition, this tells us that he shows his affection and may be lonely. Another line which suggest that he is a lonely man is that, sometimes I like company. This implies a very poignant side to Mr. Thomas. This description of Mr. Thomas gives a good picture to the reader of what Mr. Thomass personality is like. In addition, it makes the reader feel somewhat sympathetic in some cases for Mr. Thomas as he is a generous elderly man. The authors characterisation of Mr. Thomas is not that dense because Mr. Thomas is not engaged much in the story and does not develop or there is no change in his character. Although, this is an effective description of the character by the author because this is a credible person in the story and the plan of destroying his house is centred on him. This makes the reader wonder why Mr. Thomass house was picked for destruction, apart from T. saying, Its nothing personal. After looking at all the main characters we discover that the author uses various personalities, which makes the story more interesting, instead of the usual same old characters, which would make the story dull and boring for the reader.  The author also uses effective style such as sentence and paragraph construction, vocabulary, direct speech and images  We see through out the story that the author uses short sharp sentences which makes the story tense in most cases. In some cases the author uses short sharp sentences to create not only tension but to make the atmosphere negative, Weve hardly startedWhy theres all the floors left, and the stairs. Chaucerian times EssayAlso we see that the author uses various different styles in the story, such as irony, symbolism, sarcasm and humour. Several times in the story the author uses a lot of irony, one example is when the author says, Driven by the pure, simple, and altruistic ambition of fame for the gang, Blackie came back to where T. stood in the shadow of Miserys wall. This use of irony is not entirely humorous to the reader but it is effective in the sense that it gives a good description of the character as this is a turning point for Blackie as he was thrown off the leadership seat by T. However, there are other times where the author uses humorous irony such as, Ill have the wall built up, when Mr. Thomas said this in the story it is deeply ironic as he hasnt looked at the state of his house first. This gives the reader some humour instead of being tedious, and this makes the reader continue on as it is humorous. Also, the author uses symbolism in the story which makes the reader think a bit more about the story. For example, it is symbolic that the gang are doing the destruction on Sunday as this is associated with the Christian pilgrimage. This symbolism is an effective style as it makes the story more complicated than it looks because this makes the reader wonder why the gang chooses Sunday.  In addition the author uses sarcasm in the story, for example when T. says, Not a childs saw. Also, as I have mentioned before that the author uses an effective atmosphere which also creates the tension in to the story. For example, when the author says, The grey wet common stretched ahead, and the lamps gleamed in the puddles, this conjures up a chilling and oppressive atmosphere. This makes the story effective as it creates a tense atmosphere and has a kind of morbid fascination to the reader, which keeps the reader immersed into the story right up until the end. The author also includes sinister atmosphere in tense situation in the story which builds up the scene to a climax of suspense. The author generally uses oppressive atmosphere in the story as it is the main story line, the destruction of Mr. Thomass house which is unpleasant. In addition, the author produces sensational dramatic scenes. For example, when T. pleads with the gang to help him complete the destruction, even though Mr. Thomas is approaching his house. Here the reader will be thinking, will the gang help him? And what will Mr. Thomas say? I think this was well used by Graham Greene and was very effective. For the reader, dramatic scenes are effective as they keep the reader in suspense and keep him/her firmly focused on the plot.  In conclusion, after analysing the narrative skills of Graham Greene it is apparent that he has written an effective story for the reader. Although the story is unusual and some unimaginative use of narrative skills near to the end of the story, it is interesting to note what narrative skills Graham Greene has used and how he has made it effective.

The Transcontinental Railroads Essay Example For Students

The Transcontinental Railroads Essay The Transcontinental RailroadsThe Transcontinental Railroad consisted of ten major railroads that together would span the distance between the East and West Coasts of the United States. The completion of these railroads brought change, both for good and bad, and had an enormous impact on the United States and other countries of the world. Without a doubt, each railroad played an important role in shaping America into the country it is today. The Great Northern Railroad was an 8,316-mile long railroad created in September 1889 by predecessor railroads in Minnesota. It went from Lake Superior to Washington, traveling through North Dakota, Montana, and Idaho. The line was the dream of James Jerome Hill who was known as the Empire Builder since he had the ability to bring prosperity to areas that were barren before his influence. This railroad provided service and helped build up the grain, potato, and sugar beet regions in North Dakota, Montana, and Eastern Washington. It also played a pivotal role in the prosperity of the cattle counties of Montana as well as the oil, copper, and lumber industries (http://www.gnrhs.org). We will write a custom essay on The Transcontinental Railroads specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Northern Pacific Railroad originally started in 1864 by Josiah Perham; unfortunately, due to financing problems the project was stalled until 1869. The route stretched from Lake Superior to the Puget Sound in Washington. This railroad was unique since it received no government loans to assists in its financing. The Northern Pacific lines were vital in bringing immigrants to various cities along the routes through advertising at home and abroad. Their effort to attract settlers into these regions was directly responsible for Montana, Washington, North Dakota and South Dakota becoming states in 1889. This stimulated the economies in these regions (http://www.linecamp.com). The Union Pacific Railroad was created in 1862 by government grants. Construction began in late 1863 in Omaha, Nebraska. Over a period of six years it was run through Wyoming and on to Promontory Point, Utah. The Union Pacific routes later expanded to reach north to Washington and south to Texas, with numerous subsidiary lines in Colorado. In 1936, the railroad opened Sun Valley, Idaho Ski Resort, which became a model for other ski resorts to follow (http://www.linecamp.com). The Kansas Pacific was the southern branch of the Union Pacific. The building of the route began in 1863 with the intent to transport passengers (immigrants) westward through the Great Plains. The route ran from Kansas City to Denver. Towns sprung up along the different junctions providing economic booms in those areas. The railroad was consolidated with the Union Pacific in 1880 (http://www.ku.edu). The Southern Pacific Railroad also known as the Espee was merely a dream that would be conceived in 1870 by four guys by the names of Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, Leland Stanford, and Mark Hopkins. It was one sure way to increase their control over the West Coast shipping. The dream would finally become reality when a transcontinental line that was created by Huntington, ran through the southern United States connecting Los Angeles with New Orleans. By 1877, it controlled over 85% of Californias railroad mileage. In 1881 the South Pacific was linked to the Santa Fe Railroad at Deming, New Mexico, creating the second American transcontinental railway. Two years later, in 1883, Huntington gained full control of a number of smaller railroads, creating the Southern Pacifics Sunset Route from New Orleans to California (http://.www.historychannel.com). The Santa Fe extended from Atchison, Kansas to Los Angeles. On October 30, 1868 construction officially began at Topeka, heading up Shunganunga Creek almost due south because of the deposits of coal. The construction of the railroad would become halted at Newton, while the eastern end was extended and completed in Atchison in late 1871. In March 1875 it resumed construction toward Pueblo, Colorado, allowing people to use the railroad to transport goods and materials from settlement to settlement (http://www.ku.edu). .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc , .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .postImageUrl , .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc , .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc:hover , .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc:visited , .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc:active { border:0!important; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc:active , .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua506529038f1d1b85ea30bae1256d7fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Catcher In The Rye Symbolism EssayThe Missouri/Kansas/Texas railroad, also known as the Katy, first came into existence in 1865. It was the first railroad to enter Texas from the north (http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/c_t/railroad/MISSOURI.cfm). This railroad was given its name based on its proposed service route. It was intended to funnel business from Missouri, Kansas, and the north and east to a new rail route across Indian Territory to and through Texas. In 1884, the Santa Fe faced the prospect of losing the Texas cattle business. To maintain business prospects, engineers turned towards the Panhandle of Texas on July 4th of that same year and gained permission to build two ro utes across Indian Territory. One route was bound for central Texas while the second looked towards the Panhandle (http://www.atsfrr.com). The Denver Rio Grande Railroad started under construction in March of 1871. The railroad stretched from Ogden, Utah to Pueblo, Colorado. Construction of this line was completed in June of 1872. Lines branched off the main line to cities like Denver, Leadville, and Santa Fe. This railroad brought much change to Colorado. Many large stockholders bought land near the railroad towns, bringing business with them. Smaller towns in Colorado where abandoned because people wanted to live near the railroad lines. The railroad was mainly used to transport silver from the mines to the larger cities. The Sherman Silver Purchasing Act of 1893 dropped the price of silver, which forced many of the mines to close. This turned Colorado more towards livestock industry (http://www.yesteryeardepot.com). The Atlantic Pacific Railroad Company started construction in 1872 in Springfield, Missouri. It met the Southern Pacific Railroad in Needles, Arizona in 1879. Other railroads bought most of the stock in the company due to bankruptcy. This railroad took away the hardships for the settlers making their way west. There was always fear of death when crossing the Southwest, whether it is from Indians or the desert heat. When the railroad went up, the settlers could just bypass all those problems by buying a train ticket (http://www.scripophily.net, http://www.atsfrr.com). The Central Pacific Railroad Company broke ground on January 8, 1863 in Sacramento, California. Workers had to bore through thousands of feet of solid stone and fought snowdrifts and avalanches along the way. The track met with the Union Pacific Railroad on May 10, 1869 in Promontory Point, Utah. This railroad had a great effect on America and other countries too. Goods could now be shipped from anywhere in America directly to the Pacific coast via train. American industries greatly profited because shipping was much quicker to overseas places. America was now seen as a land bridge for shipping between Europe and Asia (http://www.cprr.org, http://www.learncalifornia.com). In conclusion, these Transcontinental Railroads greatly affected United States history. They forced changes upon the people and the way of life in the United States by stretching all across the country, transforming, and molding the nation around them. Economic and social change could be found along the many routes of this great system. Even today, the United States relies on this vast railway system to transport goods and services from one hub to another. ReferencesChinn, S., Reed, L. Railroads in Kansas. (March 19, 1994). Retrieved on April 17, 2005, from http://www.ku.edu/heritage/research/rr/rrhistory.htmlhttp://www.cprr.orgKorst, L. (2005, April 2). What was the Great Northern Railway? Retrieved April 15, 2005, from http://www.gnrhs.org/gn_history.htm http://www.learncalifornia.comNorthern Pacific Railroad, 1999. Retrieved April 15, 2005 from http://www.linecamp.comhttp://www.scripophily.nethttp://www.yesteryeardepot.comRed River Authority of Texas. (1999-2005). Retrieved on April 17, 2005, from http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/c_t/railroad/MISSOURI.cfmThe Sante Fe Railway Historical Modeling Society. (nd). Retrieved on April 17, 2005, from http://www.atsfrr.com/resources/burton/branch-1.htmThis Day in History, Old West. 1883 Southern Pacific Railroad completes Sunset Route.(nd). Retrieved on April 17, 2005 from http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272954dayUnion Pacific Railroad, 1999. Retrieved April 15, 2005 fromhttp:// www.linecamp.com

buy custom Educational Data essay

buy custom Educational Data essay Information is very important in holding academic institutions accountable for enhanced yearly performance among the student group. The best management instrument in any institutions is the data. This is because data help in identifying the problem and the peoples who are affected by this problem and a solution is then identified. For instance, teachers or tutors can amend their lessons plans while the management can assess the curricula. Thus data can enlighten decision making (LaFee, 2002). The requirement for improved decision making has increased in the academic institutions with an increase in standards-based transformation and accountability systems for performance. Following years of persuasion and exhorting academic institutions to enhance, the policymakers have made a decision to be tough. For example, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation requires that all district schools in the U.S. to assess students, gather performance data that will then be used to identify weakn esses and strengths in the institution educational system. Any institution that does not show sufficient progress each year will be asked to improve and be subjected to immediate intercession. Many times instructors speak about corrective utilization of data to enhance instruction (Mathews, 2002). From the time when the NCLB legislation was passed, Washington States instructors have constantly heard that low score on the national or state tests equate to failure, and constant failure equates to intercession. Few instructors appear to be in a position to articulate on how they may utilize data effectively in order to improve learning and teaching. The utilization of the data in the academic environment remains an indefinable skill and concept. However, the manner in which data should be used in decision making is not difficult to execute (American Association of School Administrators, 2002). Therefore, this paper will discuss the relationship of educational data and decision making i n the academic environment. Understanding Data Possibility Comprehending and utilizing data in academic institutions and in student performance are crucial to enhancing the schools; however, schools do not often use the data they have in decision making. For many years, the leaders of the schools decided on the instructional leadership through the influence of shooting from the hip and intuition. In addition, many times they do not include data gathering and data assessment or analysis in their decision-making process (Mathews, 2002). If the school does not analyze and discuss the data, they are not likely to recognize and find solutions to the issues that require attention, and identify suitable intercessions to resolve those issues. Without utilization of the data to direct them towards their objectives, many times school leaders base their decisions on speculation. The decisions made on speculation may result to a random acts of improvement. The leaders may make wrong decisions, which may affect the performance of the students negatively (National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education, 2002). Policy Positioning Schools gather data to assist them establish whether they are achieving their objectives and function if their decision-making is driven by data. Academic leaders must not only comprehend he importance of consistency tests as well as other formal evaluations, but they should also assist their institution execute multiple performance measures of the students and more significantly, build a culture in the school by using these data. The school leaders today are very keen to avoid making mistakes that will affect childrens education performance as a result of superior stakes environment (Armstrong and Anthes, 2001). Instructors cannot wait for years or months to make a decision on what need to be done. For example, to have a loan from industry and business, institutional leaders require enhancing just-in-time advances by utilizing data to assist them make crucial decisions impacting on the students learning as well as attainment. Academic institutions leaders should also construe and co mmunicate the significance of data to the teachers, constituents-students, the members of the board, and the parent-making decisions based on fact and credibility (Armstrong and Anthes, 2001). Amount of Data Schools regularly collect data in large amounts, and in actual fact, they normally collect data in huge amounts than they need. However, they often not come up to scratch to make use of all the data they have collected (Creighton, 2001). In many situations, present data about the educational contributions, like the teachers qualifications and curricula rigor, are missing, and in many states, data on the educational results continue to confuse, to be unclear, and not evidently connected to the learning of the student (American Association of School Administrators, 2002). Policymakers and instructors lack access to quality data and they are not able to comprehend, analyze and utilize data that currently exist. This is as a result of lack of training in data assessment on the side of the teachers and the school leaders and they also lack support and tools (Creighton, 2001). Support In the State of Washington, from a few schools, leaders from several districts, it seems that the utilization of and willingness to execute decisions driven by data in practice mirrors the situation in the country. It is difficult to identify traditions around the utilization of the data in the institutions (American Association of School Administrators, 2002). Innovative utilization of the decision making driven by data was frequently recognized as remote incidents of personal lone teacher or school leader. Although, there exist a number of indications of organized utilization and data support in districts, real utilization and data support could simply be misleading (Glasman, 1994). For instance, a number of huge school districts, and principals frequently noted that staff members from the district office who offer the explanation of the student as well as the school data, with no input from the school employees. In addition, school heads obtain data reports printed at the district office rather than on their desktop. This is frequently the situation because the districts lack online databases that would allow principals to assess data flexibility as well as in real-time. However, it put a ceiling on the data the principal need and the decisions making time. In a small school at the district level, the principal are left with the data analysis with no support from the district (American Association of School Administrators, 2002). Programs Preparation It is advisable that programs prepared by the administration reports that the curricula does not sufficiently address decision making driven by data. Students operating in these programs get an important fraction of education through the use of internships with principals on the ground. Therefore, students experiences with decision making driven by data may be established by internship placement (Doyle, 2003). Recommendations The leaders of the schools require resources and tools that assist them to see clearly and that offer significant information promptly and dependably for the school and also for the tutors. Some schools leaders have a strong need to better comprehend the data that is matched by dissatisfaction as a result of need for training opportunities. When instructors can draw assumptions from the data, they are able to discover the required change direction, identify students requiring intercession, and identify advances providing promising results to assist students achievement (Streifer, 2002). The utilization of the multiple, and occasionally creative, data sources that enables the leaders of the schools to make some corrections and constant enhancement toward academic achievement by learners. Interoperable data systems are the bottom line to enhanced provision of resources, superior management efficiency, and online appraisals of scholar performance that empower instructors to truly transf orm teaching and personalize instruction (Technology-alliance.com, 2011). Utilization of data efficiently should play the main role in the growth of the school developments plans as well as in decisions needed to be made daily by the educators. The utilization of data may be powerful and affirmative educational instrument. Schools that employ in decisions driven by data have information that measures the progress of the students in achieving standards and also allows them to evaluate present and the future requirements of parents, students, community and staff; establish if objectives are being achieved; enhance instruction; recognize the causes of the issues; make sure the students are not at fault; and engage in constant school enhancement as well as alternative ways to enhance student progress (Doyle, 2003). Conclusion The principals and school administrators should learn to utilize as well as believe in data based on fact when making administrative decisions. In alliance with NCLB, the amended standards for the Advanced Programs should serve as leadership training program for the school and may be utilized as keystone for professional enhancement of the existing administrators of the school. Decisions driven by data is essential to the skills of the school administrators in the leadership values of the school vision, organization, instruction, collaborative partnerships, huge-context politics and moral perspective. Therefore, it advisable that the decision makers should gather data first before making any decision, as decision without data, may result to severe consequences, whereas decision with data will result to successful decision. From the above information, it is evident that the education data and decision making with the academic has a great relationship. Buy custom Educational Data essay

Printing and the History of Printing Processes

Printing and the History of Printing Processes The earliest dated printed book known is Diamond Sutra, printed in China in 868 CE. However, it is suspected that book printing may have occurred long before this date. Back then, printing was limited in the number of editions made and nearly exclusively decorative, used for pictures and designs. The material to be printed was carved into wood, stone, and metal, rolled with ink or paint, and transferred by pressure to parchment or vellum. Books were hand copied mostly by members of religious orders. In 1452,  Johannes Gutenberga German blacksmith  craftsman, goldsmith, printer, and inventorprinted copies of the Bible on the Gutenberg press, an innovative printing press machine that used movable type. It remained the standard until the 20th century.   A Timeline of Printing 618-906:  T’ang Dynasty - The first printing is performed in China, using ink on carved wooden blocks; multiple transfers of an image to paper begins.868:  Diamond Sutra  is printed.1241:  Koreans print books using movable type.1300:  The first use of wooden type in China begins.1309:  Europeans first make  paper. However, the Chinese and Egyptians had started making paper in previous centuries.1338:  The first paper mill opened in France.1390:  The first paper mill opened in Germany.1392:  Foundries that can produce bronze type are opened in Korea.1423:  Block printing is used to print books in Europe.1452:  Metal plates are first used in printing in Europe. Johannes  Gutenberg  begins printing the Bible, which he finishes in 1456.1457:  The first color printing is produced by Fust and Schoeffer.1465:  Drypoint engravings are invented by Germans.1476:  William Caxton begins using a Gutenberg printing press in England.1477:  Intaglio is firs t used for book illustration for Flemish book Il Monte Sancto di Dio. 1495:  The first paper mill opened in England.1501:  Italic type is first used.1550:  Wallpaper is introduced in Europe.1605:  The first weekly newspaper is published in Antwerp.1611:  The King James Bible is published.1660:  Mezzotinta method of engraving on copper or steel by burnishing or scraping away a uniformly roughened surfaceis invented in Germany.1691:  The first paper mill is opened in the American colonies.1702:  Multicolored engraving is invented by German Jakob Le Blon. The first English-language daily newspaperThe Daily Courantis published called.1725:  Stereotyping  is invented by William Ged in Scotland.1800:  Iron printing presses are invented.1819:  The rotary printing press is invented by David Napier.1829:  Embossed printing is invented by  Louis Braille.1841:  The type-composing machine is invented.1844:  Electrotyping is invented.1846:  The cylinder press is invented by Richard Hoe; it can print 8,000 sheets per hour.1863:  T he rotary web-fed letterpress is invented by William Bullock. 1865:  The web offset press can print on both sides of the paper at once.1886:  The linotype composing machine is invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler.1870:  Paper is now mass-manufactured from wood pulp.1878:  Photogravure printing is invented by Karl Klic.1890:  The mimeograph machine is introduced.1891:  Printing presses can now print and fold 90,000 four-page papers per hour. Diazotypein which photographs are printed on fabricis invented.1892:  The four-color rotary press is invented.1904:  Offset lithography becomes common, and the first  comic book  is published.1907:  Commercial silk screening is invented.1947:  Phototypesetting  is made practical.59 B.C.:  Acta Diurna, the first newspaper, is published in Rome.1556:  The first monthly newspaper, Notizie Scritte, is published in Venice.1605:  The first printed newspaper published weekly in Antwerp is called Relation.1631:  The first French newspaper, The Gazette, is published.1645:  Post-och Inri kes Tidningar is published in Sweden and is still being published today, making it the worlds oldest newspaper. 1690:  The first newspaper is published in America: Publick Occurrences.1702:  The first English-language daily newspaper is published: The Daily Courant. The Courant was first published as a periodical in 1621.1704:  Considered the world’s first journalist, Daniel Defoe publishes The Review.  1803:  The first newspapers to be published in Australia include The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser.1830:  The number of newspapers published in the United States is 715.1831:  The famous abolitionist newspaper The Liberator is first published by  William Lloyd Garrison.1833:  The New York Sun newspaper costs one cent and is the beginning of the  penny press.1844:  The first newspaper is published in Thailand.1848:  The Brooklyn Freeman newspaper is first published by  Walt Whitman.1850:  P.T. Barnum starts  running newspaper ads for  Jenny Lind, the Swedish Nightingale performances in America.1851:  The United States Post Office starts of fering a cheap newspaper rate.1855:  The first newspaper published in Sierra Leone. 1856:  The first full-page newspaper ad is published in the New York Ledger. Large type newspaper ads are made popular by photographer  Mathew Brady. Machines now mechanically fold newspapers.1860:  The New York Herald starts the first morguea morgue in newspaper terms means an archive.  1864:  William James Carlton of J. Walter Thompson Company begins selling advertising space in newspapers. The J. Walter Thompson Company is the longest-running American advertising agency.1867:  The first double column advertising appears for the department store Lord Taylor.1869:  Newspaper circulation numbers are published by George P. Rowell in the first Rowells American Newspaper Directory.1870:  The number of newspapers published in the United States is 5,091.1871:  The first newspaper published in Japan is the daily Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun.  1873:  The first illustrated daily newspaper, The Daily Graphic, is published in New York.1877:  The first weather report with a map is published in Australia. The Washington Post newspaper first publishes, with a circulation of 10,000 and a cost of 3 cents per paper. 1879:  The benday processa technique for producing shading, texture or tone in line drawings and photographs by overlaying a fine screen or a pattern of dots, which is named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Dayimproves  newspapers. The first whole-page newspaper ad is placed by American department store Wanamakers.1880:  The first halftone photographShantytownis published in a newspaper.1885:  Newspapers are delivered daily by train.1887:  The San Francisco Examiner is published.1893:  The Royal Baking Powder Company becomes the biggest newspaper advertiser in the world.1903:  The first tabloid-style newspaper, The Daily Mirror, is published.1931:  Newspaper funnies now include Plainclothes Tracy, starring Dick Tracy.1933:  A battle develops between the newspaper and  radio  industries. American newspapers try to force the Associated Press to terminate news service to radio stations.1955:  Teletype-setting is used for newspapers.1967:  Newspapers use d igital production processes and begin using computers for operations. 1971:  The use of offset presses becomes common.1977:  The first public access to archives is offered by Torontos Globe and Mail.2007:  There are now 1,456 daily newspapers in the United States alone, selling 55 million copies a day.2009:  This was the worst year in decades as far as advertising revenues for newspapers. Newspapers begin moving into online versions.2010-present:resent:  Digital printing becomes the new norm, as commercial printing and publishing fade slightly due to technology.

Smart City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart City - Essay Example identifies that majority of these individuals still live in slums (2011). Comparatively, although cities only occupy 2 to 3 percent of the total earth’s surface, they are responsible for about 75 percent of carbon secretions and 80 percent of the total energy consumption (Haftor, Mirijamdotter & Bradley, 2010). It is thus in this context that, to be livable in the future, cities require efficient urbanization plans with a huge emphasis placed on the concepts of sustainability, smart, and livability. Essentially, there are various factors which characterize and define Smart Cities. According to Sanseverino, these factors include smart economy, sustainability, smart mobility, economic development, smart people, a high quality of life and smart governance among others (2014). Thus, these factors are essential for the improvement of lives of individuals residing in cities. It is worth noting that these factors can be enhanced through the appropriate and effective use of infrastructure, Information Computer Technology (ICT), as well as social capital (Galbraith, 2014). As such, a Smart City creates an environment that not only presents the residents with numerous opportunities to be tapped, but also a broad range of actions and activities as embraced in its voluminous definitions. According to Giffinger, et al., a Smart City can be defined as â€Å"an innovative city† which makes use of ICTs and other strategies to increase urban competition, improve efficiency in the service s offered and improve the general quality of city life (2007). It is however worth noting that in order to achieve this, it is important to not only meet the needs of the present generation but also the future generations. Notably important, there are six important dimensions that are key to the creation of a Smart City. These dimensions can be identified as smart mobility, smart economy, smart people, smart environment, smart governance

Just World Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Just World Theory - Essay Example One of the outcomes of this tendency has been a propensity to hold responsible for the blameless fatalities. An immense pact of study recommends that human being are perceptions of rape, aggression and other outlines of assault are tinted by a person's own ways. Though, various issues such as individuality of the sufferer and sexual category participates an essential part in who gets detained for the responsibility in the center of the unlucky situation. The researchers forecasted those members who think in a just world would allocate fatalities more responsible than members who do not think that the world is just. All members were specified for a worldwide conviction in a just world scale and a situation to interpret about a sufferer who was detained whilst running away from a clash at a neighborhood bar. The sufferer, portrayed as either having been detained formerly or having not at all been detained was positioned in prison. One more prisoner afterward raped the sufferer. The mem bers were then given the chance to rate how guilty the sufferer was for the happening. The consequences demonstrated that members whose scores pointed out a superior conviction in a just world dispense more responsibility to the sufferer in spite of of the sufferer's previous arrest documentation. The researchers fulfilled that conviction in a just world is analytic of superior sufferer guilt. However, based on the just world theory entails that one get what they ought to have in life; the researchers conjectured that members considering in a just world would grasp the sufferer guiltier than members who did not. Members were also given a conviction in a just world balance plus a balance of their evaluation of their approach toward the victims of AIDS. The consequences showed that member's scores on the just world extent were absolutely connected with unenthusiastic approaches toward AIDS victims. Therefore, members who sensed that the world was just and reasonable were more probable to charge the individuals for constricting AIDS despite of how they constricted the syndrome. Many researches do in reality sustain the verdict that males are more probable to charge the sufferer of unlucky conditions. Such as the investigation was made in the high school and college students thoughts toward rape. Members were given a rape allegory receipt scale and eleven short rape situations. The researchers found that males held responsible the sufferers more than females did in spite of the situation. In an additional study, members were told two descriptions of a tale about a communication among a woman and a man. Variations were precisely the similar apart from the incredibly end the man raped the woman in one and in the other he anticipated marriage. Together, in both of the circumstances, members analyzed the woman's indistinguishable proceedings as unavoidably leading to the very dissimilar consequences. Studies have revealed that those who judge in a just world might be more probable to think that rape sufferers must have acted seductively that tattered wives must have justified their thrashings, that ill inhabitants must have caused their possessed sickness or that the unfortunate ought to have their assortment. However, the just world th

Free

Free Will vs. Determinism Essay PHI/105 August 2010 Week 1 – Checkpoint 1 Arguments and Logic Free Will VS Determinism Free Will and Determinism are two separate beliefs, contradicting one another. Determinism is the idea that all matter in this known universe is created for a specific purpose; a specific action. Therefore, the behavior of all atoms are governed by their physical law; their purpose. Free Will is simply defined as humans having free will. Humans have the ability to choose their next action, thereby choosing their path to their future. In the excerpt given these two beliefs are in contradiction with one another and therefore cannot exist. One must believe in a single belief, not both. The arguments given for Determinism is that whatever an atom does, it must do in a given circumstance. By laws of nature and physics, it must behave in a specific manner. Following this argument, an atom must behave in manner â€Å"A† when in circumstance â€Å"Z†; therefore, if present in circumstance â€Å"Z,† the atom must behave in manner â€Å"A† in accordance with its physical laws. A behavior as a result of free will; however, is an event that did not have to happen, thereby contradicting the argument for Determinism. Free Will is an event that is the direct result of my actions because of my choices. Therefore, if an event were to occur as a result of Free Will, this event did not have to happen. For example, let us imagine that I am walking along a path and I choose, of my own free will, to pick up a rock and throw it. I could easily have chosen not to throw the rock; therefore, when I threw the rock, the atoms in my arm did not have to move even if this situation. Given this example, we will assume that Free Will is the correct belief, thus illustrating that it is not true that an atom must have done what it did, given the situation. If Determinism is true, then my arm would have moved and the rock been thrown, regardless of my choices and actions. The arguments for these beliefs seem logical in the fact that Determinism is relating to science and physics to illustrate the structure and behavior of atoms; the core component to all known matter. This argument provides a solid base for the Determinism belief, explaining that everything is preordained by its physical properties, and the Free Will is an illusion. Free Will, on the other hand, is given no scientific argument and is more common sense based in its belief. Free Wills argument is not to illustrate that it is true, but to show that Determinism is not true. While the arguments for both beliefs seem valid, I found there to be more weaknesss is the Determinisms logic. To say that all matter has a given physical law is correct and that is must behave in its intended manner. Atoms that compose the chemical makeup of fire will in fact burn you if too close; this is what fire does. The weakness in the Determinisms argument is saying that because you were burned, the atoms in that fire were designed to burn you. Nature has a set of principles in place. Gravity causes object to fall towards its pull, and the movement of two objects against one another creates heat the form of friction. These events are localized in their behavior, but not preordained. A rock that is thrown will glide through the air and descend towards earth again. My arm can throw a rock, or remain at my side. The atoms of the rock, make it a rock, but do not make it fly. The atoms in my arm are what bind muscles, bone, and skin, and make it my arm, but they do not make my arm throw the rock. Determinism is true to an extent, as is Free Will. Each of them play a part in our world. If I wish to throw a rock at a window, and not break the glass, my will alone is not enough to make it so. Determinism will then take over and act accordingly to the density of the glass, and the velocity of the rock. Both beliefs exist together, working together.

Terrorism - Stop the War and Feed the Starving :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Stop the War and Feed the Starving    It is difficult to grasp, and thus care about, millions of people starving in a far away country. Maybe it could help us to fathom this if we were able to imagine one person starving, our own self perhaps. What does it feel like to be hungry, really hungry, for many days? And many weeks? And longer. It's easy to imagine the beginning symptoms like weakness, shakiness, irritability, fatigue. But what happens when those aren't remedied by food? Is it painful when the organs begin shrinking as they do in starvation? It must be. And as the immune system loses force, how does one endure the cramping, combined with the weakness, combined with the lowering body temperature, combined with the overall bloating as the body retains fluid?    Can you imagine yourself feeling that terrible? Now expand it to your family. Your daughter. Your tiny son whose tummy is distending and who cries with headaches. Your grandmother, coughing and scared and silent. What would it feel like to watch a toddler, your toddler, weaken and beg for what you can't give?    So we're not at 7.5 million people yet. We're at about 10. And already the misery is profound and unbelievable. Now add all your closest friends to those hungering, and you not being able to help them or be helped by them. And you watch the gaunt stares as the body fails because its cells haven't the nutrients they need to make the brain work well. Add your neighbors, all of them. All of them. Are we at 100 people yet?    Millions left to go. Farther than the eyes could see, thousands upon thousands upon thousands of weakening hungry people who want something that exists in great abundance all over the world - food. And if hunger and its related illnesses is bad enough and already hard to wrap your mind around, add the other unthinkables that the Afghani families are enduring today, right this second as you read this. No running water, no toilets, huddled in refugee camps miles and miles long, And its getting cold. It's going to get really, really cold and wet heavy snows are coming. And you're so terribly hungry.    Imagine the stench and disgusting danger of raw sewage, of the infectious diarrhea that comes from that. And there are already dead bodies to be dragged away to be buried or burned by weak hungry men.

A Case of Convicted Rapists

I read in this journal that research mainly by interviews with convicted sexual offenders and contrast groups is important in order to understand why and how sexual violence against women occurred (1).Because masculinity has been assumed to be superior, and knowledge reflects on male dominated universe reflecting the views of patriarchal beliefs, feminists need to study and understand the reality of sexually violent men (2, 3).I noted that there are numerous hindrances in determining number and characteristics of rapists because only the ‘classic’ and violent cases are reported. To counter this, research would require interviews with the group of unreported rapists but this would again place the researcher as an accomplice because of protecting the rapist’s identity (6, 7).Information acquired in therapy is unreliable due to prisoner’s mistrust of prison officials as they feel it might be used against them in a parole hearing (10-11). Traditional masculinit y behaviour suggested the men would respond positively to a female interviewer and despite security risks, professional self took priority before the personal self in order to collect relevant data (12, 13).I understood that to get good data, a good working relationship, the use of non-threatening background information and long interviews was crucial (15).Rapport was necessary in creating trust, confidentiality and mutual respect and this appealed to even the hardcore felons who were ready to talk to a non-judgmental outsider if just to break prison monotony. While neutrality should not be portrayed as approval, disagreements can result in destruction of rapport and jeopardize future interviews. Opinion should be put forth candidly but carefully to leave the participant feeling positive about the interview (16-18).I learned that many prisoners present unique problems in regard to obtaining voluntary informed consent and mentioning that they were rapists would cause the men shame an d embarrassment (19-21). Explanations on risks, safeguards and the prisoners’ rights were given as well as permission to confirm the validity of the interview data (23-25).Research showed that prisoners are prone to lying, fabrication and manipulation in order to better their chances of parole because their approval depends on staff researchers’ assessment. While some rapists admitted to raping, they played down their use of force, others did not believe their actions constituted rape and the rest completely denied any sexual contact with the victims and pleaded mistaken identity (27-28).I also noted that while cooperation from the State Department of Corrections and the prison staff was excellent, riots and lockups, scheduling mishaps, inmate transfers and absenteeism, electricity blackouts and the occasional lack of an interview room were some of the obstacles encountered while at times unfavourable weather and lack of air conditioning made the longer interviews almo st unbearable (29-30).ReferencesDiana, s. (1990). A glimpse inside. Understanding sexual harassment: a study of convicted rapists. Rout ledge, New York. Â  

Future in Psychology

When going into the field of psychology, one is able to explore many different careers. In this paper I will exam the career of teaching, and talk about the requirements one must obtain to become a teacher. I will also discuss the training for this field, preparations one should make when entering this field and the salary and advancement this field offers. When choosing what field one wants to go into, one should choose what they are interested in. I chose teaching because I like working with children and enjoy being a part of a child's growing up experience. By choosing the psychology, special education major, it allows me to do the career I wanted. In the past ten years, the enrollment in teaching training has increased. More and more people are choosing teaching as their profession. The requirements from the Department of Education are different for each state. At Marist College, they offer a New York State approved and registered undergraduate programs. This certification leads to different fields that one can go into. For example, one could chose, elementary and special education, which gives them a dual certification. This specific certification gives a background in liberal arts and in psychology. Graduates of this program are prepared to teach in a regular elementary classroom and are also able to teach in a setting with students that have special educational needs. The requirements for the program are that one must have a grade point average of a least 2.7, and have grades of a least a C+ in all courses in the professional sequence. Candidates in New York state must pass two exams and have three letters of recommendation. Teachers work thirty-five to forty weeks for a ten- month school year. An average salary in New Jersey's public schools for preschool is about 24,665 dollars per year. State wide elementary teachers earn an average of 45,880 per year. Substitute teachers earn eight dollars and ninety-two cents per hour. Once employed advancement comes with higher pay for experience and additional education. A teacher may obtain their tenure after a three-year probationary period. The employment for teaching jobs is expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations through the year 2005. The employment growth is compared to the population growth. The supply of teachers will increase as improvement of job prospect increases. The public and state agencies are demanding higher standards in public education. Therefore, teachers will not only be in demand programs, but will need stronger backgrounds in education and psychology. The enrollment in teaching training has also increased within the past five years. I conclusion, the psychology, special education major is one that will prepare me for my career choice. Teaching is an important career and one that requires not only a solid education, but a love for children. It does have some requirements that may be difficult to obtain, but in the long run it will make it easier to obtain a good job. Teaching is a career that offers different things. By developing one's skills in basic reading, writing and math, one is able to give students the skill they need.

Free Essays on Metamorphosis

Franz Kafka’s: The Metamorphosis By: In life there are many changes, some changes occur physically, and some occur mentally. When these changes occur they can either cause extreme satisfaction or extreme discomfort. In the book The Metamorphosis, change occurs in both mental and physical ways. The book is based on a man who by no fault at all changes his physical appearance in an awful manner. Leaving the emotional change much more hard to believe. The fact of the matter is that the family, which he worked for and provided for because of an economical loan, changed in a more horrific matter then he could ever have. I personally believe that the point he was making by the name metamorphosis was on how his environment changed rather then his physical appearance. Gregor was the son of Herr and Frau Samsa and brother of Grete Samsa. Before Gregor’s unusual change, he had been a traveling sales man. He maintained this job because his parents had previously engaged in a loan with the boss of the company, and now Gregor was working for him to pay of they’re dept that would take him a couple of years to bring to an end. Gregor’s job was also enough to afford a very big and well-embellished house, which also led him to believe that he had to continue working there to keep his family well. Gregor’s job never left him any time for himself; he never had any time to enjoy life’s precious qualities. He also explained how hard it was to travel non-stop and not being able to rest in a manner that would release him of all his stress. Thus leaving him a man of extreme concerns. Examining the catalyst that started all the metamorphosing I came down to the conclusion that it’s all a metaphor to how his life changed in such a short period of time. The transformation was not explained in real time. When he awakens from his dreams he is already transformed to what is described as a cockroach. I was surprised at the fact... Free Essays on Metamorphosis Free Essays on Metamorphosis Franz Kafka’s: The Metamorphosis By: In life there are many changes, some changes occur physically, and some occur mentally. When these changes occur they can either cause extreme satisfaction or extreme discomfort. In the book The Metamorphosis, change occurs in both mental and physical ways. The book is based on a man who by no fault at all changes his physical appearance in an awful manner. Leaving the emotional change much more hard to believe. The fact of the matter is that the family, which he worked for and provided for because of an economical loan, changed in a more horrific matter then he could ever have. I personally believe that the point he was making by the name metamorphosis was on how his environment changed rather then his physical appearance. Gregor was the son of Herr and Frau Samsa and brother of Grete Samsa. Before Gregor’s unusual change, he had been a traveling sales man. He maintained this job because his parents had previously engaged in a loan with the boss of the company, and now Gregor was working for him to pay of they’re dept that would take him a couple of years to bring to an end. Gregor’s job was also enough to afford a very big and well-embellished house, which also led him to believe that he had to continue working there to keep his family well. Gregor’s job never left him any time for himself; he never had any time to enjoy life’s precious qualities. He also explained how hard it was to travel non-stop and not being able to rest in a manner that would release him of all his stress. Thus leaving him a man of extreme concerns. Examining the catalyst that started all the metamorphosing I came down to the conclusion that it’s all a metaphor to how his life changed in such a short period of time. The transformation was not explained in real time. When he awakens from his dreams he is already transformed to what is described as a cockroach. I was surprised at the fact... Free Essays on Metamorphosis In Kafka’s â€Å"Metamorphosis,† every character had encountered transition but among all of them, Grete transformed drastically compared to other characters. She started off being loving and caring, taking tedious care of Gregory’s new way of life. However, after time passes and his mother faints once again Grete becomes fed up with taking care of this bug. From being a loving sister, she turns to hate him and ultimately professes her hated of him and wishes he go away. Those words Gregory heard, were the last words he heard before he died in that bed alone a night. Gregory obviously has changed physically due to his metamorphosis into a bug. But he has also changed perhaps emotionally. Gregory was used to being the primary bread maker of the family, but when his transformation paralyzes most of his movements. He realizes this paralysis changes his family, mainly Grete, he realizes how she doesn’t care for him anymore and overhears her wishing he was gone. He also recognizes the lack of concern from his parents and find outs his father has money. But his father never tells Gregory about it. Mrs. Samsa does change slightly, but only to adapt to their new style of living. She does display some level of love for her son throughout the story. The only way she changed is in the beginning, she never worked or did anything around the house. However, later on during the story she gets a job and hires a maid to take care of the house. Unlike Mrs. Samsa, Mr. Samsa’s mood stays at a constant pace. Mr. Samsa’s attitude throughout this story is this old grumpy, angered man who despises Gregory from the beginning. When Mrs. Samsa faints and causes a ruckus in the house Mr. Samsa is infuriated. He throws apples at Gregory, wounding him severely. He shows no love for Gregory at all during the story. In the beginning of the essay Grete displayed her kindness toward Gregor by doing minor gestures such as: opening the window for ...

Life and Art of Charles Demuth, Precisionist Painter

Life and Art of Charles Demuth, Precisionist Painter Charles Demuth (November 8, 1883 – October 23, 1935) was an American Modernist painter best known for his use of watercolor to portray the industrial and natural landscapes of his Pennsylvania hometown. His paintings emerged out of the abstract Cubist style and ultimately led to a new movement called Precisionism. Fast Facts: Charles Demuth Occupation: Artist (painter)Known For: Abstract Cubist style and involvement in the Precisionist movementBorn:  November  8, 1883 in Lancaster, PennsylvaniaDied:  October  23, 1935  in Lancaster, PennsylvaniaEducation: Franklin Marshall College and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Selected Paintings: My Egypt (1927);  I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold (1928);  Roofs and Steeple (1921) Early Years and Training Demuth was born and raised in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, whose urban landscape and emerging industrial setting served as an inspiration for several of his paintings. Demuth was ill and often bedridden as a child. During those times, his mother kept him entertained by providing him with watercolor supplies, thus giving the young Demuth his start in the arts. He eventually portrayed the agricultural portraits he knew best: flowers, fruit and vegetables. Demuth graduated from Franklin Marshall Academy, which later become Franklin Marshall College, in Lancaster. He also studied at Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia and in the arts scenes of New York, Provincetown, and Bermuda. He socialized with and was photographed by Alfred Stieglitz, who was working at the time to organize exhibits of modernist art for his American Place Gallery in New York. Demuth spent time studying art in Paris, where he was part of the avant garde scene. His contemporaries included  Georgia OKeeffe, Marcel DuChamp, Marsden Hartley and Alfred Steiglitz. Painting in His Own Backyard Though he traveled to and was influence by exotic locales, Demuth painted most of his art in the second-story studio of his Lancaster home, which overlooked a garden. In the painting My Egypt (1927), Demuth depicted a grain elevator, a massive structure used to store the harvest, next to row house rooftops. Both structures are common in the rich agriculture economy and historic urban setting of Lancaster County. Like many of his contemporaries in the arts, Demuth was fascinated with Americas landscape, which was being altered at the hands of industrialism. He saw firsthand the smokestacks and water towers in cities such as Philadelphia, New York and Paris. He painted those skylines and contrasted them with grain elevators that were common in his hometown. The Precisionist Style The movement to which Demuth belonged, Precisionism, stressed visual order and clarity in the visual arts and combined those facets with a celebration of technology and expression of speed through dynamic compositions, according to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Demuth and his fellow Precisionists painted distinctly American landscapes in an intentional move to distance themselves from European artists. Demuths most famous work is a 1928 oil painting called I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, which has been described as a masterpiece of the Precisionism movement. The painting was inspired by the poem The Great Figure by William Carlos Williams. Williams, who had met Demuth at Philadelphias Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, wrote the famous poem after watching a fire engine speed by on a Manhattan street. Demuth tried to capture the following lines in his painting: Among the rainand lightsI saw the figure 5in goldon a redfiretruckmovingtenseunheededto gong clangssiren howlsand wheels rumblingthrough the dark city I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, as well as other Demuth paintings, served as an influence on commercial artists who later designed movie posters and book covers. Later Life and Legacy Demuth was diagnosed with diabetes at a relatively young age, and the condition made him weak before he turned 40. He spent his final years confined to his mothers home in Lancaster, away from his fellow artists working in Paris, and died at age 51. Demuth made a significant impact on the art world with the development of the Precisionist movement. His emphasis on geometrical forms  and industrial  subject matter came to exemplify the ideals of Precisionism. Sources Further Reading Johnson, Ken. â€Å"Chimneys and Towers: Charles Demuths Late Paintings of Lancaster - Art - Review.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 27 Feb. 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/arts/design/27demu.html.Murphy, Jessica. â€Å"Precisionism.† In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. metmuseum.org/toah/hd/prec/hd_prec.htmSmith, Roberta. â€Å"Precisionism And a Few Of Its Friends.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 11 Dec. 1994, www.nytimes.com/1994/12/11/arts/art-view-precisionism-and-a-few-of-its-friends.html?ftay.

The Effect of Media on People Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Effect of Media on People - Research Paper Example It was followed by conveying verbal messages by slaves or subordinates through covering distances on foot or animals at a later stage. Then with the invention of paper came the time of writing letters and sending telegrams. Even for that matter, man had to make journeys of days and night to reach his destination. With the invention of radio in 1895 with the efforts of a number of researchers, people were able to send their messages across borders. The era of radio lasted many years. It was an important mode of communication especially during World Wars I and II. Man has always been a mode of communication himself. The best storyteller is a human being. It started from the beginning of time, when stories were exchanged by families, tribes and entire villages. It gave rise to an aura of enchantment that lasted for ages until the birth of other modes of interaction. During that period, the concept of communicating through imagery was also common. Lifetimes were drawn or painted in the f orm of art in churches, castles or inside caves. Such drawings contained the power of talking to the viewer. (ChallengingMedia 2010) This essence of communication prevailed until the advent of industrial era. Industrial revolution brought the printing press combined with steam engine technology to develop something which was called the newspaper. (ChallengingMedia 2010). This amalgamation changed the paradigm of media. It proved to be an easy and approachable medium for people to educate themselves about the life around them through reading. The biggest advantage of newspapers was the increase in literacy rate. People lost the tradition of telling or hearing stories through the primary source. Instead, people started to limit apparent interaction. Then with the dawn of the electronic revolution came a new mode, the television. The television dominated the electronic age. It was run through antennas that caught channels from satellites and transmitted them throughout the world on tel evisions. It attracted people of all ages but the strongly attracted was the economic and business market. Businessmen started investing through broadcasting commercials on televisions that in return paid for the programs run on it. The United States was the one of the countries that took advantage of this new technology and helped raise its economy through media channels. (ChallengingMedia 2011) Today, the electronic media has expanded and evolved further in the form of the Internet, social networks like Facebook and Twitter, the film industry, the music industry and mobile phones. The Internet which was the invention of the United States during Second World War for the purpose of communication over large distances was later transformed into a public entity. It led people connect across oceans within a matter of seconds through emails, live broadcasting, chatting and webcam. It is splendid and saturated mode of information. The Internet along with the introduction of computers and laptops has made life simple. Now the use of paper and pen or type writer machines has been replaced by typing on computers with advanced features of writing editing. The social networks like the Facebook and Twitter has enhanced the mode of connectivity. Currently there are more than sixty thousand people on Facebook and one hundred and ninety people have joined Twitter. Such networks enable people to share their

Transition to democracy in the Developing World Assignment

Transition to democracy in the Developing World - Assignment Example Cases of abuse of office, indepth corruption and weak systems that scuttle efforts of accountability are just some of the major challenges facing developing countries. Different groups of scholars have fronted views on how most of the countries in the developing world can transition to democracy. Among the areas which have been identified to be needing urgent redress to foster democracy include; history of that particular country, role of civil society and State capacity (Kaufman and Haggard 42-44). However, the wave of democratization also referred to by some scholars as the third wave of democratization brought out the fact that democracy is not only inclined to economic level of development. Considerable debates are currently unfolding on how and whether, institutional conditions, social, economic and structural factors impact on democratization prospects and also on how democratic political systems in these countries can be sustained. Democratization sequencing has fronted the idea of establishment of well functioning States and the rule of law as major prerequisites in democratization (Kaufman and Haggard 58). Taking Kenya as an example of one of the developing countries in Africa, we begin by analyzing the commitment to rule of law and the aspect of a well functioning State. In 2007 after general election, Kenya was in turmoil following a disputed presidential election. The opposition alleged that the incumbent had denied conceding defeat. This occurrence led to bloody skirmishes for nearly two months leading to lose of lives and displacement of populations. The electoral commission was blamed for allegedly announcing the results of a flouted election. In response to the preceding events, a deal was brokered between the incumbent and his closest rival in the just concluded disputed polls leading to the formation of a grand coalition government. First in

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Systems - Essay Example The next to be exhaustively discussed are the differences that make a company unique. A detailed examination of these unique qualities will be essential in determining how ERP or any software implementation no matter how the company complies with the standard as mandated by the software still manages to operate differently. Using SAP as an example of how applications affect or impact companies within the same industry this paper shall detail the way SAP is implemented. The details of how SAP is implemented hopefully would provide a logical explanation on how the company’s collective consciousness and culture influences the decision of every individual in the company. This paper shall similarly examine how the collective consciousness and culture is displayed if not manifested. ASAP or accelerated SAP is the process in which SAP is implemented or rolled-out in every company. The utility of the ASAP itself indicate the commonality of how SAP is implemented indicating that each c ompany has the same processes that could be automated by SAP (Khan, 2002). However, even if SAP’s implementation is managed uniformly, there exist variances in the way companies operate even if they are using the same application or were implemented in the same way. According to ASAP, the business processes of each company intending to implement SAP could be documented uniformly using the same discovery techniques. However, ASAP equally mandate that in the documentation of the business processes it is imperative that the business process owners (BPO) and the subject matter experts (SMEs) assist if not be the one to define the â€Å"as is† processes. In the development of the â€Å"to be† process, the SMEs and the BPOs are not only needed but is also essential (Keller & Krugger, 2002). The standards The IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) are not only accepted by companies all over the world but governments likewise use the standards imposed by IFR S in conducting audits to companies. The provisions and interpretations of each terminology are therefore the uniform and constant all over the world. The format in which reports are printed or displayed on screen is equally identical (Mackenzie, Coetsee, Njikizana, & Chamboko, 2011). To illustrate: The way â€Å"revenue† is defined in one country or specifically in a company is the same all over the world. This is similarly true for the word â€Å"expense† and â€Å"taxable income† and a few more. The way debit and credit is qualified is also the same including how it is presented in the books or ledgers of the company (Bragg, 2010). Regulatory Reports are the reports mandated by the government. A close examination of the reports of each country would reveal that even though the format maybe different but the contents are generally the same. The way Financial Statements are presented all over the world is also the same. This would include the way books are main tained and logged (Morley, 2009). Standard Management Reports for each industry is also the same. The contents are the same even the presentation is the same. However, even SAP acknowledges that there are some management reports containing specific information that are needed by a certain

The trial of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay Example for Free

The trial of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay I walked into the court room, and looked at the jury, they were all white, I knew that it would have to be a miracle to get the jury to come back with the verdict that Tom Robinson was innocent. But I had a plan. If the trial goes well, I will appeal against the verdict, and then the court case will go to another place, where the jury wont be so biased against black people. The trial started and the first person who took the stand was the Sheriff, Mr Tate. The oppositions Lawyer, Mr Gilmer, was the first to ask Mr Tate some questions, all Mr Gilmer asked the Sheriff was what had happened on that night, the Sheriff replied by saying that he saw Miss Ewell on the floor beaten up, and that she had told him Tom Robinson had beaten her up and that Tom Robinson had took advantage of her. Things hadnt started well for me and Tom Robinson. I stood up and proceeded to ask Mr Tate some questions, the first question I asked was if he had called a doctor, Mr Tate replied by saying no, I asked him in a different way another two times, to make my point clear that no doctor had been called. I then asked him to describe the girls injuries, he described them and I asked on what side of her face was her black eye, after a couple of tries he finally said it was her right eye, and that it was mainly the right side of her face that was banged up badly. This was good news for me and Tom Robinson as I knew that Tom couldnt use his left hand, and it was obvious that who ever beat her up was using his left hand, I didnt reveal this to the court just yet. I then sat down and Mr Tate left the stand. The next person who was called to the stand was the father of the girl who was beaten up, his name was Robert E. Lee Ewell. Mr Gilmer was the first to question him he asked a couple of questions, and then he asked the important question. He asked Mr Ewell what he saw on that night, Mr Ewell replied with that he saw Tom Robinson having sexual intercourse with his daughter Mayella, he then said that he ran into the house but Tom Robinson had got out of the front door, moments before he had got there, He then said that he didnt chase after Tom Robinson because he was more concerned with his daughter Mayella, he said after making sure she was alright, he ran down to  the Sheriffs and got him to come back to the house. Mr Gilmer then sat down as he had no further questions to ask, Mr Ewell left the stand, but bumped into me as he tried to get back to where he had come from, I told him to go back to the stand as I had a couple of questions to ask him. I asked Mr Ewell a few questions, I then got him to write his name on the envelope, hoping to prove that he was left handed, as the person who beat Mayella up was left handed, Mr Ewell wrote his name and it showed he was left handed. I asked Mr Ewell if he was left handed and he said yes he was. That was my last thing to do with Mr Ewell so I sat down waiting for the next witness. The next person that took the stand was the victim Mayella Ewell. Mr Gilmer asked Mayella to tell everyone what had happened on the night she was beaten up on. Mayella burst into tears about a minute into questioning, and said that she was scared of my questioning techniques. After the Judge calmed down Mayella, she started to tell the jury what had happened on that day. She said that she called him over to bust up a chiffarobe, she said that he came to her and she said to him Ill just go get you a nickel, I went inside to get him a nickel and he ran up behind me, and grabbed me by the neck, he was cussing me and then he started to beat me. Mr Gilmer waited for Mayella to collect herself, when she was ready she said that he forced her to the floor and took advantage of her. I started asking Miss Mayella some questions, trying to build up a picture to the jury of her life at home, I then asked weather her father was good to her, she replied with a firm yes, but then she said except, b ut she stopped, I asked except when, but she replied as if she had never said the word except. I then asked her weather her father had beaten her when he was on the drink, she replied with a firm answer of no. After a few more questions I told Tom to stand up, I then asked Mayella if this was the man who raped her, she replied with a yes. I then started to ask questions trying to get to her heart and make her tell everyone that it was her Dad who had beat her, but she wouldnt answer any of my questions. She then started shouting that if we dont find Tom Robinson guilty then we are all yellow cowards. She then burst into tears again. Mayella was allowed to leave the stand. The court then took a ten minute break. We then called the final witness, Tom Robinson. I started by asking Tom about weather he had been in court before and he had said yes, I used this to show that Tom has nothing to hide. Tom then began to explain that he had done a lot of jobs for Mayella and that he never charged her for it. Tom then started to explain what happen on the night in question and he said he went in because Mayella called him in, but Tom said there was nothing for him to do, but Mayella told him to get a box of the top of the chiffarobe, I did what she said but she grabbed my legs, when I got down she hugged me around the waist, she then kissed me, I ran for the door but Mayella blocked, but then her dad looked through the window and shouted at Mayella, you god damn whore, Ill Kill you. I then just ran out of there. I asked if he had raped Mayella, he replied no sir, I asked if he had harmed her and he said no sir. That was the last of my questioning. Mr Gilmer now started to question Tom. He started sayin g stuff at Tom trying to break him down and trying to make him look like a liar in front of the jury, but Tom had an answer for all of his questions. That was the end of building up the evidence to prove Toms innocence. It was now time to go over all the evidence with the jury in a short summary. I proceeded to say that mostly the beating that was given to Mayella was done by somebody left handed, and we have all seen Mr Ewell write his name with his left hand, and we have all seen Tom Robinson swear on the oath with the only hand that he can use, which is his right hand. I then gave a long passionate speech about all men being equal, all the time trying to reach the jurys hearts because I knew if I couldnt reach their hearts and try to change their feelings about black people then we would loose the case because we live in a racist society where white people think they are superior to black people. That was the end of the trial and it was all down to the jury. I started walking around in the court room waiting for the jury to return with their verdict. Finally the jury the returned, they passed the piece of paper with the verdicts on to the judge, the judge polled the jury: guilty, guilty, guilty, the whole of the jury had returned with the verdict guilty. I walked over to Tom and had a word with him, I then left the court room, I was  saddened by the fact that the jury had let the colour of the mans skin decide that he was guilty, but I knew we could appeal against the ruling and have the trial taken to another place in the country, where Tom would receive a fair trial, and that trial I would win and Tom would be free.

Stanley Kubricks Full Metal Jacket and Eisenharts You Cant Hack It Little Girl :: essays papers

Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket and R Wayne Eisenhart's â€Å"You Cant Hack It Little Girl: A Discussion Of The Covert Psychological Agenda of Modern Combat Training,† Stanley Kubrick uses his film, Full Metal Jacket to say that people today are brainwashed products of decades of conditioning. Kubrick strongly encourages us to relish individual thought. He expresses that society’s ideology encourages conformity, which can eventually cause fatality. Also the article â€Å"You Cant Hack It Little Girl: A Discussion Of The Covert Psychological Agenda of Modern Combat Training† by R Wayne Eisenhart realizes the extreme repression on individuality in the Marines. We all like to think of ourselves as individuals. However, in truth, we all live in a mass denial created be ourselves to feel less guilty about instituting severe pressure to, and the consequences if one does not, conform. The way one learns about oneself is often through others’ words and actions. This outside feedback creates a role for a person that he/she accepts as â€Å"who he/she is.† Therefore, it is the words and actions of another that forms the self-identity of a person, and ad this relationship develops, positive, reinforcing words and actions become necessary for ones healthy existence. Of course, there are varying degrees of conformity, and in most people there is the struggle to hold on to their individuality. This struggle is apparent in the scene in Full Metal Jacket when Gomer Pyle is beaten with soaps in towels. The other members of the troop become upset at Pyle’s nonconformity, and their negative feelings eventually reached the point of v iolence. Then Pyle’s struggle was ended and he became like the others, a killing machine. In his article, Eisenhart recognizes that â€Å"the training process created intense emotional conflicts generated by the formation of a male role,† and that there was a â€Å"continual structured effort to degrade and shape the individuals self-image.† Because all throughout history conformity was a necessary way of life, one may see society now as completely brainwashed. Kubrick depicts the longstanding tradition of the US Marines as a kind of cult where everyone is uniformly behaved and not one thought is individual. Even Joker, who has an image of originality in the film, eventually gives in to the group. First in the scene where he is cajoled in to hitting Pyle with the soap, and second when he struggles with himself, but ultimately conforms by killing the Vietnamese sniper at the encouragement of his peers.

Modern Version of Romeo and Juliet Movie with Leonard Di Caprio Essay

Old stories get forgotten unless they are rejuvenated for the young. In the media world of today, books are forgotten and so is classical love. Romeo and Juliet with Leonardo de caprio was a fabulous attempt at bringing literature and drama back to life and into the hearts of the youth today. The first aspect of modernization is to portray the families as rich business tycoons of today’s world: Montagues and Capulets. The styling of the men especially, the chic haircuts and clothes are not only modern but in fact futuristic. This is most apparent in the guns, the shining metal and flash of silver cannot be forgotten. The fights between the two gangs take place at common place venues of today, that is gas stations. The cars are also futuristic. The letter that Romeo does not respond to is a by a well known courier service. â€Å"There are times when the rapid cuts and raging soundtrack might cause understandable confusion between the movie and a rock video. Indeed, with all the camera tricks, special effects (such as a roiling storm), and riotous splashes of color, it’s easy to lose the story in the style† (Berardinelli, 1996). The flush-cut editing and fast-moving scenes and actions contribute further to giving the movie a futuristic feel removing it far from the classic ballad it is. Much of the decor, for example, the aquarium wall, through which Romeo and Juliet first eye each other, is very modern in its architecture and idea. Such interiors never existed in the days of Shakespeare and neither is there any mention in the script. What makes the movie striking is the juxtaposition of old English style, rendered flawlessly and emotionally by the actors, with this modern, futuristic treatment, This juxtaposition is what makes Shakespeare’s work speak to the modern teenager, which was the main objectivce of the movie. References Berardinelli, J. Fil Review, Retrieved on 2nd June 2010 from http://www. reelviews. net/movies/r/romeo_juliet. html

Sources And Sinks Of Carbon Dioxide Environmental Sciences Essay

CO2 is without doubt the best-known anthropogenetic nursery gas. The increasing degrees of CO2 are of great concern as the universe might confront awful effects in the onset old ages. Figure 3.1 illustrate the tendency of CO2 in our ambiance and is projected to increase farther if we do non seek to take down it. This curve is known as the Keeling record.Figure 3.1: The Keeling curve ( Robert Simmon, 2008 )The atmospheric concentration of CO2 is now 390 parts per million ( ppm ) of CO2 and is lifting at a rate of 2 ppm yearly. This changeless rise in CO2 degree is nevertheless insecure for little island provinces like Mauritius. Mauritius is a little island developing province ( SIDS ) and is likely to be susceptible to climatic unpredictability and long-run clime alteration chiefly utmost conditions conditions such as cyclone, inundations, drouth and low-lying rise.Carbon rhythm theoretical account for MauritiusMauritius is situated in the Indian Ocean of geographic location of 20AÂ °S and 57AÂ °E and represents the southern portion of the Mascarene Plateau. The Mauritius Island is of volcanic beginning and is composed of olive basalt and doleritic basalt ( Nayak, 2005 ) . It has an country of 1864 km2, surrounded by coral reefs and it has an sole economic zone ( EEZ ) of 1.9 km2. The length of the coastline is about 322 kilometers, bordered by coral reefs and enveloping a laguna of 242 km2 ( MOE & A ; NDU, 2007 ) . Bing a little SIDS, Mauritius is greatly reliant on coastal ecosystem for touristry industry. The extraction of 500,000 metric tons of coral laguna yearly by traditional methods has been damaging the ocean floor and therefore changing the seabed geometry. This change let bigger moving ridge to make the shore doing extended beach eroding ( T.Ramessur, neodymium ) . Fortunately a prohibition was inflicted on extraction of depth Marine deposits and is no longer legal. Mauritius has experienced an one-year economic growing of 5-6 % with a rise in criterion of life, together with a growing of energy demand ( UNDP, 2008 ) . Having no modesty of dodo fuel, coal and natural gas, Mauritius is to a great extent dependent on imported goods to run its delicate economic system. The Mauritius Carbon rhythm is a mostly biological and the remainder consist of anthropogenetic beginnings and sink. Figure 3.2 illustrate the C rhythm adapted for the Mauritius context Figure 3.2: Mauritius C rhythm adapted from NASA Earth Science Enterprise ( Earth Observatory, 2007 ) Degree centigrade: UsersHansDesktopC cycle.jpg Carbon exists in the inanimate environment chiefly as: CO2 in the ambiance and dissolved in H2O and ocean Limestone and coral Dead organic affair Carbon enters universe by the action of autophyte: Chiefly photoautotrophs like workss and algae. They carry out photosynthesis by utilizing energy from the sunshine, CO2 and H2O for their cellular maps such as biogenesis and respiration. To a little extent from chemoautotrophs like bacteriums. They obtain their C derived from organic compounds but obtain energy from the oxidization of their substrate. Carbon returns to the ambiance by: Respiration Combustion Decomposition In order to to the full understand the Mauritius C rhythm, we need to place the natural beginnings, the anthropogenetic beginnings and the sinks of CO2.Natural BeginningsRespirationRespiration is a normal metabolic procedure. It occurs both on land and in the sea and is a critical component for the C rhythm. Worlds, animate being, bacteriums and fungi green goods CO2 as portion of their normal respiration procedure. Mauritius, being a little island has an estimated population of about 1.3 million. Our part to atmospheric CO2 due to respiration is comparatively undistinguished. But nevertheless as temperature additions, the rate of respiration additions and hence farther bring oning CO2 in the ambiance. It is estimated about 60 billion of metric tons of C per twelvemonth ( Pg C/yr ) is emitted as a consequence of autophytic respiration. Similarly about 55Pg C/ year are evolved as a consequence of heterotrophic respiration ( Reay and Grace, 2007 ) .Vulcanism and biomass combustionDurin g a volcanic activity, a big sum of CO2 and aerosol are released to the ambiance. Sometimes it is on a big graduated table but is comparatively minor on a planetary graduated table and it amounts about 0.02 – 0.05 one million millions of metric tons of C per twelvemonth ( Pg C/yr ) ( Reay and Grace, 2007 ) . Fires caused by lightning work stoppages have accounted and still do history for some big biomass firing event – therefore emanation of CO2. However this impact of atmospheric CO2 is comparatively short term because of the consumption of CO2 of flora regrowth. In the Mauritius context, there are no recorded volcanic activities and natural fires. But what if Mauritius was affected by them? If Mauritius had active vents, a batch of CO2 accompanied with other gases would hold been released to the ambiance. Volcanic gas is a important agent to planetary alteration. This would consequences into terrible effects on the lives of people and every bit good as the environment. A batch of tellurian flora and alien wood would hold been destroyed and do a break in the local economic system. If this was so, so volcanism would hold history for being among the chief beginning of CO2 in Mauritius. Figure 3.3 illustrates an illustration of volcanic activity adapted for Mauritius. Note: refer to Annex 1 for a elaborate account of the volcanic activity. Mauritius has a limited forest country of 22, 519 hour angle being state-owned and 25, 000 hour angle being privately-owned ( CSO, 2007 ) . These forest countries were nevertheless greatly affected by human colony and industrialization over old ages. They represent the most of import sink for CO2 in Mauritius – a natural storage country – for CO2 by hive awaying it for photosynthetic activities. If these woods were affected by natural fires, it would let go of 100s of old ages deserving stored CO2 into the ambiance in a affair of hours. Burning of forest would besides let go of a big sum of particulates and gases including GHG. Furthermore firing would for good destruct the most of import sink for CO2 if it is non replaced.Anthropogenetic beginningsLand-use alterationLand-use and land usage alterations straight affect the exchange of GHG between the Earth ecosystem and the ambiance. It is estimated to lend 10-30 % of all current anthropogenetic CO2 emanation ( Reay and Grace, 2007 ) . As land is converted to agricultural land, there is an addition in CO2 emanation associated with land usage due to the followers: Soil perturbation. Increased rate of decomposition in born-again dirt. Increased dirt eroding and bleeding dirt foods further cut downing the potency for the country to move as a sink for atmospheric C. Mauritius is a dumbly populated SIDS. It has limited high quality country which amounts to 185 000 hour angle which is suited for effectual development. In line with that, it is one of the agricultural islands holding 16 % built-up infinite and turning at a gait of 100 hour angle of residential infinite per twelvemonth. The agricultural country occupied a infinite of 80 674 hour angle and out of this proportion 68 523 hour angle of the entire land country is occupied by sugar cane. Other important land usage include wood and bush which is estimated to be 47 200 hour angle and built development including roads and public-service corporations amount to 46 500 ( CSO, 2007 ) . The land usage has complex effects on the environment in a state like Mauritius where agribusiness is limited to monoculture that is sugarcane. Preharvest cane combustion is a signifier if harvest direction frequently patterns in Mauritius frequently as a agency for uncluttering intents and this consequence into a big sum of gases being evolved into the ambiance. But it is non in misdemeanor of the Kyoto Protocol. Bush combustion is besides considered as an activity that release GHG to the environment. Forest fires incidents and combustion of agricultural residues are excessively fringy to be considered as they represent less than 1 % of the entire wood burned. Figure 3.4 illustrates the alterations made in forested land from twelvemonth 1998 to 2007. The forest land takes into history for both state-owned and privately-owned. This lessening is due to human colony and industrialization. The rapid industrialization and urbanization during the past decennaries have led to altering production and production forms that continue to show new demands for natural beginning and make new waste watercourse. Solid waste aggregation is disposed merely at Mare Chicose landfill via a web of transportation Stationss. Landfill gases consist chiefly of 40-60 % of the methane and with the balance being largely CO2. There are besides some hints of N, O and H2O vapor. It is estimated that approximately 380 000 metric tons of waste is produced in Mauritius yearly and is expected to make 410 000 metric tons by 2014. The Mare Chicose was originally designed to have 400 metric tons and is now having 1000 metric tons of waste. Figure 3.5 illustrate the annually solid waste input at Mare Chicose.Energy-related emanationMauritius being a SIDS has a heavy trust on imported dodo fuel to run its economic system and hence doing it vulnerable to alterations in fuel monetary values. The chief dodo fuels that are imported are: coal, gasolene, diesel oil, double intent kerosine, fuel oil and LPG. The CO2 emanation associated with fossil fuel burning sums to 2454 Gg in 2000 and 3485.8 Gg in 2008 ( CSO, 2009 ) stand foring an addition of 1.1 % . Figure 3.7 illustrate the tendency of CO2 emanation from fossil fuel burning activities.Figure 3.7: CO2 emission/Gg from fuel burning activities ( Computed, Data from CSO, 2008 )The electricity sector in Mauritius historie s for more than 50 % of the CO2 emanation ( UNDP, 2006 ) . The electricity coevals is governed by Central Electricity Board ( CEB ) and Independent Power Producers ( IPP ) . Fuel input increased by 6.2 % from 707 ktoe in 2007 to 751 ktoe in 2008 ( Ministry of Renewable energy & A ; Public Utilities, 2009 ) . Coal is the dominant fuel followed by bagasse and fuel oil. Their tendencies are illustrated in the figure 3.8. The fabrication industry is one of the chief pillars of Mauritius and is the 3rd greatest CO2 emitter. There were about 807 fabrication constitutions in 2007 ( MOE & A ; UNEP, 2008 ) . In industrial companies every bit good as industry sector specific informations on pollution and resource usage are non methodically collected and published in Mauritius. The absences of these dependable informations block the effectual environmental direction in industry. The chief types of fuel input for fabrication industry are: fuel oil, Diesel oil, LPG, coal, fuelwood, bagasse and electricity. The concluding energy ingestion by the fabrication sector is illustrated in figure 3.9.ConveyanceConveyance is one of the critical pillars of the Mauritanian economic system and the 2nd greatest CO2 emitter. It goes without stating that conveyance has a heavy dependance on fossil fuel. The mean one-year growing of vehicular fleet is of approximately 5 % . The entire figure of vehicles has drastically increas e from 233, 415 in 1999 to 351,406 in 2008 as illustrated in figure 3.10. Figure 3.11 shows the rise in figure of vehicles per kilometer of route from 2003 to 2008. This rapid addition in vehicles consequences into an addition in gasolene and Diesel oil imports. Unleaded gasolene is available as from November 2002 on the local market. But harmonizing to auto traders the per centum of vehicles holding a on the job catalytic convertor is negligible ( MOE & A ; UDP, neodymium ) . It is hard to gauge the sum of gasolene used by 4-stroke and 2-stroke engines for conveyance. It has been hence decided that 90 % of the imported gasolene is for 4-stroke engine ( MOE & A ; UDU, neodymium ) . But since a few old ages now, some autos are equipped with engines capable to run liquefied crude oil gas ( LPG ) . Figure 3.12 illustrate the CO2 emanation from use of gasoline, diesel oil and LPG. As deduced, the entire CO2 degree is on the rise. Air conveyance is still to a great extent dependent on imported dodo fuel as illustrated by the tendency line in figure 3.14.SinksOceanThe oceans play a main portion in both the organic and inorganic parts of the C rhythm. CO2 diffuses readily in H2O and ocean and supply a reservoir of C. Figure 3.15 illustrate the pelagic C rhythm adapted for the context of Mauritius. It is believed that the ocean absorb more than 30 % of human CO2 emanation since industrial revolution ( Lee et al. , 2003 ) . Therefore it is the 2nd largest CO2 sink after the ambiance and history for merely half of the planetary biological C consumption. ( Field et al.,1998 ) . Mauritius is at a important phase in its socio-economic development development. The sustainability of its marine resources and preservation of its exceeding diverseness depends on a critical apprehension of the linkage between human activities and the ecological responses ( Ramessur, neodymium ) . Mauritius has declared its territorial sea of 12 maritime stat mis ( nanometer ) through the territorial sea Act of 16 April 1970 and its sole economic zone of 200 nanometer around the island of Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega, Cargados Carajos shoals, Chagos Archipelagos and Tromelin as illustrated in figure 4.16. The British Indian Ocean Territory ( BIOT ) is an abroad district of the United Kingdom ( UK ) . The UK is committed to strong environmental protection. The district covers a big country of reefs and islands known as Chagos Archipelago and consists of some 50 islands and islets with a entire land country of 60 square kilometers. It has a high faunal diverseness and has alone type of coral. Some of its countries were affected by coral decoloring events in 1998 but there was no record of the bleaching strength. Coral loss is estimated to be 80-85 % on seawards and some countries were close to 100 % . The Chagos Archipelagos is intensely threatened by environmental alterations such as direct clime alteration impact, ocean acidification and sea degree rise.VegetationPlants are of import sinks for the atmospheric CO2 on both land and in aquatic environment. They utilize CO2 during photosynthesis and besides produce it during respiration. Some of this C is transferred to the dirt as workss die and decompose. Mauritius has been colonized in the center of the sixteenth century by the Dutch, French and British severally. The three periods of colonisation have been marked by the terrible deforestation to do manner for agricultural development, infrastructural development, lodging estates, route, dams etc. But by the terminal of the sixteenth century, most of the native wood has disappeared with the exclusion of a few scattered pockets of native flora which has been spared because of their farness. Mauritius is an agricultural island busying a infinite of 80 674 hour angle and out of this proportion 65 500 hectares of the entire land is occupied by sugar cane ( CSO, 2009 ) . It has an country of 2000 km2 of which 30 % is considered forested ( United Nations Forum on Forests, 2004 ) as illustrated in figure 3.17. Mauritius chief hard currency harvest is sugarcane. It has been recognized that without sugar cane plantations which both bind the dirt and act as CO2 sink, our dirts would degrade really fast, the lagunas would slice up and air quality would degrade with hostile consequence on touristry and fishing. Sugarcane has one of the most efficient photosynthetic mechanisms among commercial harvests. It helps in repairing 2-3 % of the radiant solar energy and transportations it into green biomass. This high photosynthetic capableness besides allows it to demo a high coefficient of CO2 arrested development, comparable to the moderate zone forests and therefore lending to the decr ease of nursery consequence ( O. Almazan and al. , 1998 ) . Bing a little island developing province, Mauritius has many physical restraints similar to other islands. The woods of Mauritius are little in country but carry out important maps, the most of import of them being dirt, H2O preservation, C segregation and in the preservation of biodiversity and wildlife. Soil plays a cardinal function in the Mauritanian C rhythm. The decomposition of some of the C in the dirt is respired by break uping being and C is returned to the ambiance as CO2. The remainder of the modified dirt decompose at a slower gait and therefore locked the C from the ambiance. However the state is known for its delicate ecosystem and endured loss of biodiversity in the yesteryear. There is besides an addition demand of land for lodging to suit the turning population accompanied with a rise in criterion of life. Therefore this consequences into a loss of forest countries and tree screen.