Factors That Influence Consumer Behaviour Patterns

Factors That Influence Consumer Behaviour PatternsIntroductionConsumer doings is a complicated and diverse orbital cavity of study. Since grocerying is based on identifying, anticipating and providing customer call for it is grievous to understand them. There argon deuce predominant types of buying consumer buying, which consists of buying produces for personal use, and organisational buying, which involves buying for organisational purposes. For marketers to satisfy consumer need more than fully than competitors it is important to recognise the elements that influence buying.This report will identify the main factors influencing consumer demeanor patterns, particularly when purchasing forge items. It will examine how buyer characteristics influence buyer behaviour and in like manner how retailers react to such characteristics.In particular this report will look at the cultural factors, demographic factors and psychological factors that influence consumer buying. limit1.0 Introduction 12.0 Methodology 23.0 ethnic Factors 33.1 Reference groups 43.2 Sub-culture 53.3 tender class 64.0 Demographical Factors 74.1 The Life Cycle Stage 85.0 Psychological Factors 95.1 life story-style Variables 105.2 Perception and Motivation 115.3 Personality 126.0 Market Segmentation, Target merchandise and wargon Positioning 137.0 Conclusion 148.0 Appendix 1 15, 168.1 Appendix 2 178.2 Appendix 3 189.0 References 1910.0 Bibliography 202.0 MethodologyAll research undertaken for this was is secondary. It was conducted between the dates of Monday sixteenth February 2004 and Thursday 11th March 2004.The main research databases used wereMintelEmeraldThe main books used wereLancaster, G, Massingham, L, and Ashford, R (2002). Essentials of market Understanding the Behaviour of Customers. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill Education.Chisnall, P (1975). Marketing A Behavioural Analysis. 1st edition. McGraw-Hill Book federation (UK) Limited.Williams, K (1981). Behavioural Aspects of Marketing. 1st edition. Butterworth Heinemann.The Internet and databases used were accessed privately and also from the University of East London program library, Docklands campus. Books were borrowed from this library as hearty.3.0 Cultural FactorsCulture affects consumer behaviour in a variety of ways. It relates to customs and beliefs that are lettered from the society in which an soulfulness grows up. Culture is a huge area of study that often has ill-defined boundaries and fluctuates in degree of influencing consumers. Aspects of our socio-culture, such as sub-culture, social class and reference groups play divers(prenominal) roles in influencing consumers. A common pattern of behaviour rouse be observed at heart groups. Cultural diverseness occurs at a very slow pace and can be seen to marketers as threats or opportunities.Cultural elements that influence consumer behaviour can also be said to be environmental influences.3.1 Reference groupsA reference group is one t hat the individual tends to use as the anchor point for evaluating his/her own beliefs and attitudes, (American Marketing Association, 2004)There are many different types of reference groups, which may strike a direct or an indirect influence on attitudes, behaviour and self-image. Primary reference groups are those that an individual has continuous while away(predicate) with, they may consist of family, friends, colleagues etc, and they hold the strongest influence over the individual. In secondary reference groups the individual has less(prenominal)(prenominal) contact, such as an activities club, but still feels pressure to con stimulate. Aspirational groups have the least contact with the individual, but the individual still strives to become similar. Celebrity endorsements could be said to be aspirational groups. Regardless as to whether an individual is, or seeks to become a member of a particular group, the group can still influence the individuals values, attitudes and b ehavioral patterns. The influence a reference group holds on an individual can be seen as positive, prohibit or both.A straightforward example of primary reference groups is the street gangs in Manchester. Moran (2004) writes of the gangs of youths in which members must dress according to the code of their gang. The gangs can be identified done wearing hooded tops, bandanas, balaclavas and gold chains. How eer, the Manchester Magistrates cost has banned four members of a gang from wearing hooded tops, bandanas and balaclavas in an attempt to make them look less threatening and dilute the gang dress codes. Members and individuals who are influenced by the gangs are in an attempt to conform, more likely purchase items of clothing such as hooded tops and bandanas. Figure 1 demonstrates the appearance of a typical gang member.Sub-cultureA sub-culture could be defined as a group of individuals whose beliefs, values and behaviour differ from that of the predominant culture. There are many different sub cultures that are often referred to as segments. Some examples of subcultures include nationality groups, religious groups, geographic groups and age groups. Sub-culture plays an important part to marketers because of their influence on brands and types of point of intersection and services demanded by their members. Chisnall (1975) p.98.Mintel (2003) reports of an emerging fashionable youth sub-culture, in which extreme sports is the focal point. This culture is rebelling away from long working hours and heavy television watching lifestyle. In this alternative culture the interest and association of extreme sports has merged with music and clothing. A strong emphasis of this culture can be seen through clothing and footwear in particular. Baggy clothing is a dominant dress code. (See figure 2)Mintel estimates that consumers worn-out(a) 4.5 billion on extreme sports goods in 2003, an increase of 29% on 1998. (See accompaniment 1, figure 3)Mintel also reports that levels of disposable incomes have influenced the rise in extreme sports. Between 1998 and 2003 disposable incomes have increased by 21%. (See appendix 1, figure 4)korn3.3 Social ClassWithin every society there exists a class complex body part. This refers to individuals who share certain similar characteristics, such as occupation, socialisation, study and income. The rigidity of the class structure varies greatly in different societies. England could be said to have an open society, within which it is easy to gesture from one class to another. However, less developed countries such as Cambodia, where there is very little befall of social mobility, could be said to be a closed society.Since members from the same social class have alike characteristics they will also exhibit a similar pattern of behaviour. Social class plays a very big role in consumer behaviour. It can influence where an individual shops, such as market stalls, shopping malls or online, when and how often a n individual shops, such as every day, weekly or periodical and what an individual shops for.The National Readership Survey has determined a popular and effective assortment of social groups. (See appendix 2, figure 5).Williams, T (2002) examines consumer behaviour in relation to social class. In a study involving 612 respondents it was frame that income doesnt have a direct relationship with class because there are huge overlaps between incomes of different classes. For example a doctor earning 30,000 a year would be middle class while a brick layer earning 50,000 a year would remain working class. However it was found that income does influence consumer behaviour within the context of social class. It was also found that education has a large bearing on consumer reading processing and decision-making. More educated consumers such as university graduates tend to be knowledgeable of market forces and opportunities than the school leaver. They read more, read different magazines , spend less time watching television, rely less on well know brands and put more time and effort into purchasing decisions. Varying levels of knowledge and perception lead to different behavioral patterns in decision making processes.4.0 Demographical FactorsDemographic elements, such as age, sex, income, education and occupation are all individual factors that can significantly affect consumer behaviour. These elements influence the type of product an individual may want, where the individual may shop and also the purchase evaluation process. Demographic variables are some of the major factors aimed in market segmentation.As an individuals microscope full point of life progresses, so the will needs and wants of a product. To help marketers make a clearer distinction between demographic groups for market segmentation classification bases have been developed.A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods (ACORN) is a popular geo-demographic technique used as a segmentation base . ACORN maps geographically the concentrations of a particular type of individual and can be useful for destiny marketers decide upon store locations and hindquartersing direct mailing.The American Marketing Association (2004) looks at of the spending habits amongst teenagers. From surveys carried out in America its said that increasing amounts of teenagers are trying to look more trendy and fashionable. As a result they are becoming more responsive to marketing and spending more money than ever on clothing. American youths aged 12 19 spent $175 billion in 2003 on raiment, which is an increase of $20 from 2000. Marketers have become aware of how impressionable teenagers are. They have reacted by segmenting the youth and marketing directly to them. Shops such as Urban Outfitters target the youth market by watching their choices carefully to set the trends.4.1 The Life Cycle StageAn individual goes through various stages throughout their life. Each stage of life will affect what the consumer needs and wants, the purchase evaluation process and volumes of expenditure. Consumer behaviour of a wizard individual will vary greatly for that of an individual who is espouse with children. For a marketer to successfully target a market it is important to identify the main stages in an individuals life.Lansing, J and Morgan, J (1955) have devised a popular and successful break down of the life cycle of families. Each stage influences consumer behaviour in a different way. The stages are as followsBachelor stage young single people.Newly married couples young, no children.The full populate 1 young married couple with dependent children.The full nest 2 older married couples with dependent children.The invalidate nest older married couples with no children financial support with them.The solitary survivor older single people.Mintel (2001) reports that the greatest time of expenditure for a women in the AB social grade is during the bachelor stage. During this perio d 56% of women spent more than 500 on clothes in a year. However, during the newly married couples, full nest 1 and full nest 2 periods the percentage of women that spends 500 a year on clothes decreases to 35%. This percentage increases at the empty nest stage to 46%. (See appendix 3, figure 6)5.0 Psychological FactorsPsychological factors are related to perceptions, motivations, attitudes and temper of a consumer. These are all individual elements that can affect consumer behaviour. Although demographical research and the life cycle stage help to classify and quantify consumers it is necessary to have a broader take, which will help to explain how life patterns influence purchasing decisions. Psychographics are usually based on demographic culture as well as ratings of consumers activities, interests and opinions. Williams, K (1981) pg.915.1 Lifestyle VariablesLifestyles and patterns have strong influences on consumer behaviour. Figure 7 illustrates the main factors that form a lifestyle.5.2 Perception and MotivationPerception relates to an individuals interpretation of a product and company. An individual will subconsciously select and organise information presented by a company. As well as direct recognise of sensory data, perception is also influenced by learning, attitudes and past experiences. It is important for a marketer to convey good brand awareness.Maslow recognises that people have varying needs and if the need is intense then they are make to purchase the goods that will satisfy it. To illustrated this a hierarchy of needs has been created. Lancaster, G, Massingham, L, and Ashford, R (2002) pg. 80.Goldsmiths, R (2002) examines the personal characteristics of prevalent buyers. From a survey involving 533 consumers a link was found between that of frequent clothing buyers and similar psychological and motivational traits. The survey concluded that frequent clothing buyers were more likely to buy fashion items and were more susceptible to mar keting efforts.PersonalityThe subject of personality is a very complicated area. There are many variables that must be taken into account when trying to obtain a comprehensive view of a personality. This makes it difficult for marketers to understand the link personality has with consumer behaviour. Williams, K (1981) pg.133.6.0 Market Segmentation, Target Marketing and growth Positioning.For a marketer to satisfy customer needs efficiently and lucratively, understanding consumer behaviour is essential. Research into consumer behaviour has allowed the marketer to create target groups of people with common interests, values, beliefs and patterns of behaviour. Once a market segment has been identified, marketers can research the target market more thoroughly and the marketing mix, product, price, promotion and place can be adjusted to ensure the product position is correct.Batista (2004) reports of the clothing shaper Benetton who plans to weave radio frequency ID chips into its gar ments to sign its clothes worldwide. Having the ability to track a customer would give the company extremely detailed information on customer buying habits. Benetton would then have a much better understanding of their target market, and be able to hold in elements of the marketing mix, such as price, product, place and promotion for effectively. The clothing manufacturer Prada already embeds RFID chips into its clothes.7.0 ConclusionTo conclude it is evident that consumer behaviour, in relation to buyer fashion items, is influenced by a huge array of factors. To grasp a more complete and accurate understanding consumer behaviour needs to be examined more thoroughly. This report has identified the basic factors that influence consumer, including culture, socio-culture, demographical, and psychological variables.Designers and retailers react to such behavioural characteristics by trying to break down and identify what causes them. It is important to investigate whether consumers ca n be class by similar patterns of behaviour. Once a market has been segmented through geographic, demographic, psychological, psychographic and socio-cultural variables the retailer can pore a particular product to a particular type of person. The marketing mix is used to manipulate the product, place, price and promotion. Examples of retailers aiming at different segments of the market include Gucci and TopShop. While Gucci captures a more wealthy, professional and elect(ip) market, TopShop aims at a much larger and more varied market.

Human Rights Essays Refugee Crises

Human Rights Essays Refugee CrisesAre Refugee Crises inevitable in todays world? Discuss by reference to UK examples? Human Rights.Refugee crises exhaust increasingly know a problem in todays modern day society. There are any(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons that lay down contributed to this situation namely global inequalities, people fleeing persecution and regimes, people fleeing from violence and outbreak of wars. Recent examples acknowledge the Kosovan refugees who were forced from their homes by the conflict with the Balkans Columbian refugees on exile due to drug syndicates genocide in Rwanda Afghan, Iraq and Iran refugees fleeing regimes etcetera. The results of these are that many a(prenominal) and thousands of refugees will attempt protection from the Western society and their neighbouring countries. International aid efforts by individual countries and International voluntary organizations have been at the forefront in attempting to provide financial aid. These e fforts have sometimes been compromised and conditions for refugees have been seen to deteriorate as resources obtainable sometimes exceed demand. The aim of most international Communities has been to correspond that they deliver effective protection and relief to all refugees. The role of the Red Cross as a voluntary relief organisation is to offer shelter and food to people who would otherwise be homeless.The joined Kingdom saw an unexpected infiltration of Kosovan refugees, especially il profound immigrants and introduction seekers during the 1990s. Thousands of refugees were drawn to the Calais Port in France through to the Channel tunnel through the Euro tunnel and eventually to Britain. The renowned Sangatte campy was commandeered by the French Government to deal with the increasing number of Kosovan refugees arriving at Calais. Before the Sangatte camp was opened, refugees were sleeping on beaches, position and on the streets. The sangatte camp was previously a warehouse for equipments during the construction of the Eurotunnel which was later converted into a camp to hold refugees. The effect of this was that many began to tar get hold of the tunnel itself hiding and boarding trains heading for Britain and other European Countries. Mass illegal immigration began to the United Kingdom of which the Eurotunnel prevented 18, 500 of them from reaching Britain between January 2001 to June 2001. In January 2001, gangs of Romanians were detained for tampering with railway signals to stop trains so that they and other asylum seekers could climb aboard the trains.A main resultant of the refugee situation which has aggravated a crises is the resultant clashes between ethnic groups amongst refugees example Afghan and Kurdish refugees. In April 2001, an Iraqi Kurd was stabbed and left to die when he was involved in a fight with other Kurds. In May 2002, a riot broke out at Sangatte Camp following announcements to tighten certificate due to problems caused by r efugees at the Channel tunnel. The Red cross who were there to help refugees and provide assistance were eventually forced to withdraw from Sangatte and the Camp was eventually closed down by March 2003.Macaedonia and Albania were countries which have had to deal with an influx of refugees at some stage from Kosovo. Refugees continued to leave Kosovo for Macedonia, where there were received by host families. Relief efforts were made such(prenominal) provisions for camps etcetera. Lack of co-ordination and coherence caused by excessive verse of refugees in Macedonia and Albania led to desperate overcrowding, unpleasant conditions, threats of diseases, and threats for the welfare of the refugees. Relocation and evacuation to neighbouring countries became inevitable.According to Mr Guy Goodwin-Gill, refugees have come to be seen as objects or problems rather than individuals with rights. The result of the refugee crises is that many countries particularly wealthy Hesperian societies seek to deter asylum seekers and migrants. Detention camps are befitting increasingly adopted. Similarly, Rachael Reilly conceded that European Countries, as healthful as North America and Australia have systematically diluted their responsibilities towards refugees over the past ten to fifteen years. Many also repugn that the rights of refugees are being compromised and encroached upon due to factors, some of which include offshore-processing of refugees- a process in which unlike governments geographically closer to States with refugee crises take in those fleeing to Great Britain in put back for financial compensation imposition of visa requirements refusal of entry of asylum seekers in cases of generalizes civil conflict such as Columbia the transfer of the responsibility for protection of refugees onto poorer States in Europe where less protection loafer be afforded.In June 2000, the UK proposed a major overhaul of the 1951 Refugee Convention. Measures and actions such a s these lead to nationals of European Countries becoming increasingly xenophobic and hostile. Governments have also shown that they are more concerned with protecting their territories from the influx of immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees rather than human rights of those people.Some have argued that global economic systems and international debt creates a world where many are poor conflict arises and human rights abuse is predominant. Globalisation increases the gap between the rich and the poor. Others argue that the problems are due in large part to the actions of developed states such as unethical foreign policy and arms trade.An innovative move by the United Nations is on the agenda for implementation. It will seek to respond to criticism on the slow answer to refuge crises. The United Nations plan rapid reaction aid which will involve aid workers who will be deployed to attend refugee emergencies. The purpose of this is to provide some initial protection for civilians fl eeing internal conflicts who are susceptible to violent attacks and killings. This move is being supported by the united Kingdom, United States of America and some Scandinavian countries. These countries are prepared to finance the project and get it up and running. The idea behind the project is to deter violence from the perpetrators who will know that their actions are being watched through the mere presence of the deployed workers. It is anticipated that a list of workers will be made available in ninety-six hours in these times of emergencies.The 1951 United Nation Convention on refugees is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, explaining their rights and defining the legal obligation of states. The United Nations High Commisioner for refugees edict is to provide international protection to refugees and facilitate responses to the problems of refugees. This encompasses supervision and the application of the above-mentioned 1951 Convention.In conclusion, the co urse of instruction for refugees seeking protection away from their homes is seen as a dilemma in some western states including Britain. There is a conscious effort to protect rights of these individuals but the difficulty arises where this has to be balanced with the right to protect its territory. Measures have been introduced which arguably encourage xenophobia and hostility to these refugees. Poorer neighbouring states, which were initially quite welcoming of refugees, are now being squeezed beyond capacity and their citizens are becoming increasingly xenophobic. National states and governments including international communities that aim to address the current trend of refugee crises are drawing up measures that are innovative. It has now been recognised that root causes such as pauperism and global inequalities should be identified and corrected where possible prior to escalation to emergency situations leading to people fleeing their countries. Richer Countries in the West a re seeking to address poverty in third world countries and summits on the consequence are being held in order to come up with a long standing solution that will fundamentally serve to potentially benefit all nations as a whole.BIBLIOGRAPHYAger, A, Refugees Perspectives on the see to it of forced migration London (1999) Cassell AcademicDanieli, Y., Rodley, N. Weisaeth, L. (Eds.) (1996). International responses to traumatic stress Humanitarian, human rights, justice, peace and development contributions, cooperative actions and future initiatives. New York Baywood Publishing Company.UNICEF UK NEWSREFUGEE ACTION PUBLICATIONSwww.reuters.co.ukwww.timesonline.co.uk

World Health Organisation (WHO) describes health promotion

human organism health Organisation (WHO) describes wellness promotionThe World Health Organisation (WHO) describes health promotion asthe process of change people to increase temper over, and to improve their health. (WHO 1986, p.11)Through discussion with the luff of Establishment and members of supply at Kirklandpark Nursery, staff wished to incorporate diet and alimentation into their room planning. They felt this would be an in force(p) playing area of focus as the nursery was performanceing towards its silver award in the Health Promoting Nurseries. provide too informed me that what I carried verboten would be employ as evidence towards this.One of the strategies that educators can exercise to labour the health and welfare within childrens profits is the enablement schema. This necessitates to ensure thither are equal chances for completely in all to reach optimum health (Naidoo and Wills, 200086).This strategy also helps people hit the ceiling their k nowledge and skills in health matters, so they can recognise and dispense with health issues in their lives (Naidoo and Wills, 200962).Within the Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) there is a significant focus on the curriculum area health and wellbeing. In the experiences and outcomes there is a section on Food and Health, which aspires children to build on their existing skills and knowledge to create better food selections for a fitter future.According to the Curriculum for Excellenceprinciples and practiceA poorly equilibrate diet can contribute to the risk of developing a bet of diseases and conditions including tooth decay, obesity, certain cancers, diabetes, coronary heart disease and stroke ( economical Executive 2007, p.7)With the CfEs mind in mind, and having liaised with children and staff, I planned an experience and used the enablement strategy to crowd this. Observation 5 demonstrates that children were enabled with breeding and knowledge intimately the reasons fo r their own health, as we discussed why healthy/unhealthy foods were ripe and not so exhaustively for our bodies.While confident about the general promotion of health and wellbeing, when educating the children on the causes of their own health. I initially found it difficult to explain exactly what unhealthy foods can do to our bodies. I consulted my mentor for ideas and she provided me with suggestions on how I could implement this. I strongly feel this is an area for development.The enablement strategy resembles the empowerment strategy as it requires practitioners to act as a facilitator, then whole tone back, giving control to society (Naidoo and Wills, 2009)Adventures in Foodland is a rout which aims to steer educators in positively inspiring children to acquire a taste for take in healthily at a teenaged age. (NHS Health Scotland, 2003). I used the enablement strategy to do this.As an educator I found this pack extremely relevant and helpful. In remark 7 the children were given control as they informed me which foods they would like to distort. I listened and acted as the facilitator by acquire the foods, helping to prepare them and then stepping back, allowing the children to be in control. The children were given the choice to try the foods which I provided them. A social learning theorist, Albert Bandura believed that children copy others who pee more power than them e.g. adults (Sayers, 2008 cited in Flanagan 2004) In observation 7 I was a pricy role model and tried the foods with the children, which encouraged others to try as well.I also used the educational strategy. This is similar to the enablement strategy as it aims to provide people with knowledge and information, in wander for them to set about a choice about the way they feel about their health. (Naidoo and Wills, 2000)The educational strategy differs from the behaviour change strategy as it does not cultivate a person change the way they do things but instead encourages c hange (Naidoo and Wills 2000).The National Care Standards, Standard 3.3 Health and Wellbeing stateschildren and young people have opportunities to learn about healthy lifestyles and relationships, hygiene, diet and in-person safety ( Scots Executive, 2009).Diet and nutrition relates to this standard and links with the educational and enablement strategy I used. The children were given equal opportunities to learn about these stated in standard 3.3. In observation 7 I used a turgid criminal record with the children to gather their ideas on hygiene and personal safety. I strongly believe that doing this was a useful and effective way in gathering ideas to further the health and well-being to everyone in the setting.I explained to the children what the book would be used for, I listened to their ideas and worked in a team with all partners. I was also assertive in speaking to children about the big book, and consulting them about ideas.My mentor offered valuable feedback and encou raged me to consult more with parents and extract them their childs work.A publication by Her Majestys Inspectorate of Educations (HMIE) titled How good is our school? The Journey to Excellence promotes well-being and respect. In dimension 9 there is an aspect on promoting positive healthy attitudes and behaviours (HMIE, 2006)This links with the educational strategy I used as it encourages and provides people with the knowledge and information they need to realize choices.Observation 6 demonstrates how important the educational strategy is in providing children with knowledge of a healthy match diet. This allowed children to think about what they eat. Some children thought differently and changed their views in a positive way. However, I found it difficult to explain what was meant by a healthy balanced diet in words that children would understand. I came across the eatwell plate by and by finishing the project which would have been a fantastic resource to use with the children and help further their reasonableness. For my continuing professional development I aim to focus on how to better myself in finding other ship canal to communicate with children effectively when explaining what is meant by a healthy balanced diet.protagonism is a further strategy used to promote health and wellbeing. protagonism means talking on out for well-nighone, such as a child, parent or a subject matter (Hall and Elliman 2007).Advocacy is also about expanding peoples knowledge on the health matter. (Naidoo and Wills 2009)Improving Health in Scotland The Challenge aims to better the health of people living in Scotland (Scottish Executive, 2003) I used advocacy to do so by speaking out for the children in regards to their diet and nutrition. Observation 2 helped to expand knowledge among children, parents and staff regarding this. I helped change the home corner into a harvest-feast and veggie shop. Multi-agency working was used and I demonstrated assertiveness in pose my point across when communicating with staff about which ways to promote health and wellbeing.I also employed the enablement and the empowerment strategy when I acted as the facilitator and allowed the children to take control of the experience, as they chose which resources they wanted to go in their shop.The Schools (Health advance and Nutrition) (Scotland) Act 2007 puts emphasis on health promotion being a huge part of the activities provided in schools.(Scottish Government, 2007) The 10 learning experiences I carried out played a significant part in promoting the health and wellbeing of others.I feel the enablement and empowerment strategy was successful in promoting health and wellbeing to all partners. The children were given choice and were in control. Parents were also empowered to take control and choose to take on age the knowledge provided. I entangled parents by writing on the whiten board to inform them of what the children had been learning. This ties in with the nut ritional Guidelines for proto(prenominal) Years as it encourages educators to speak to parents daily to inform them what was available for snack (Scottish Executive, 2006) In observation 10 Ms grandfather told me he had never considered making fruit kebabs before but he liked the idea and intended to make them for Ms birthday party at the weekend. A further area I can improve on is building relationships with all parents.I also feel the educational strategy worked in the sense that some children made healthier choices at snack and at home. This also promoted health and wellbeing for parents as their child was influencing healthier choices at home. A some children continued to make unhealthy choices by asking for a biscuit at snack. As the educational strategy encourages rather than instructs change, this did not work well with a couple of the children/parents.If I had more cartridge clip, I would involve parents and other commercial partners more, such as Sainsburys and deepen c hildren and parents understanding further.My mentor also said if I had longer I could make parents more involved, by inviting them for snack and encouraging them to help out, such as taking the children to the shops to buy snack.In conclusion, I feel my ability to promote the health and wellbeing in the area diet and nutrition to service users in Kirklandpark nursery was done well considering the short period of time I had. I took account of literature, national advice and my mentors feedback. The strategies I used were effective and my findings from literature, government publications and initiatives helped me discuss this. By doing this project it has made me realise there are strategies I need to work on in order to professionally develop.WORD COUNT 1648ReferencesHall, D. and Elliman, D. (2003). Health For All Children (4th Edition). Oxford Medical Publications.HMIE (2006) How good is our school? A Journey to Excellence, LivingstonNaidoo, J. and Wills, J. (2009) Foundations for H ealth Promotion (3rd Edition)Naidoo, J. and Wills, J (2000) Health Promotion Foundations for Practice (2nd Edition)NHS Scotland (2003) Adventures in Foodland, EdinburghSayers, S. (2008) HNC Early Education and Childcare HeinemannScottish Executive (2007) Curriculum for Excellence health and wellbeing principles and practice,Learning and Teaching ScotlandScottish Executive (2003) Improving Health in Scotland The Challenge, EdinburghScottish Executive (2006) Nutritional guidelines for azoic years food choices for children aged 1-5 years in early education and childcare settings, EdinburghScottish Executive (2009) The National Care Standards for Early Education and Childcare up to the Age of 16 Standard 3 Health and WellbeingWorld Health Organization (1998) Health Promotion Glossary Switzerland World Health Organization

What Is Spiritual Formation Religion Essay

What Is Spiritual Formation Religion EssayWhen asking the question, what is ghostly composition, in that respect sess be majuscule difficulty in recognizing the particularized ara of focus. This would be due to the great amount of variety indoors the sphere of such(prenominal) a topic regarding the presuppositions m either people can bring to it. However on that point is a consistent beneathcurrent that ties the definitions together into a relative coherent understanding. According to D eachas Willard, weird formation is the make for where one moves and is moved from self-worship to christ-centered self-denial as a ordinary condition of life-time in perfections present and eternal kingdom.1In this, thither is a more detailed analysis in describing its meaning. Spiritual formation begins with God and the relationship with him and fellow brethren. It is by virtue of the Holy strong drink work in regeneration and conforming the believer into the image of messiah th rough his indwelling, guiding, gifting, filling, and empowering those saved for Gods glory. The giveation of such a formation is found through the Scripture as the only when and primary source of all truth. The responsibility of the Christian is a relentless pursuit in world Christ-like in all facets of life through a new nature. untold(prenominal) formation is the payoff of what one has already become, an adopted child of God, and non works alone to achieve an imaginary level of spiritual attainment. The methodology of such an endeavor is not prescribed as a checklist for all believer, but rather differentiates for each person as God sees see for them.Biblical InstructionAs stated in the introduction on that point is a number of reference points pertaining to Biblical instruction regarding spiritual formation. Although such terminology is not specifically found in every instance, the root in what it represents is plentiful. The primary area many refer to is the fruits o f the Spirit in Galatians 522-23. With this area of Scripture, the results are listed from leading a life under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. It would be considered a measure of progress in some ways to see how one is coming through the sanctification process. It should be noted, however, that there would be an ebb and flow to such a gizmo in that some seasons may be more fruitful in patience and love as opposed joy and peace introspectively. In order to attain such fruits however, one essential be supple to know the One in whom he is following. A thorough area of His attributes that which makes up His character, is imperative in attaining any growth whatsoever. Through such knowledge is a child of God to begin the process in a more fruitful way than foregoing it. Without this concrete foundation, much of the growth will be experience alone, which is not biblical. Knowing who Christ is through his attributes is the only way one can attain the spiritual growth as guided by the Holy Spirit.From this one should then go to the Sermon on the Mount in patroning to posit what a Christian should look like. The descriptive values in what and how the Christian should be would more readily translate into the fruits seen previously. Christ teaches what the believer must be like as a standard of behavior and life within the heart in accordance with the holiness of God. Being clear from the world and unto Him is a fundamental truth that without, one cannot attain the fruit of the Spirit. The division of what should be done and what should be avoided, in essence, what delineates the world from those elect of God instills the rock of truth to rely uponPersonal ExperienceIn reflecting upon ones own experience in relation to spiritual formation, a great number of those who call themselves Christian can only describe such a term as prayer time and possibly approval and worship in certain circles. For the most part it is classified as an emotional experience one has w ith the work of the Spirit. The form that it arrives is through modify the mind or through music in service. These functions among others are more related to tradition than Scripture. In personal experience, it becomes a more concrete arena. What Scripture says to do, do. What Scripture says not to do, do not do. In this there is a certain requirement to know the difference and that itself can only be accomplished through much work and study in Scriptures. Most who identify as being Christians who want a great awareness of God actually looks for and attains a easier yet non-Biblical methodology of self-interpretation apart(predicate) from Scripture. There is no work in exegetical discernment and bare(a) prayer in acquiring a greater knowledge of God which, then, leads to the greater awareness of Him. One cannot occur apart from the other, no takings how trivial the spiritual exercises may be.Coincidentally, it is in Westerhoffs work that sees both sides of the bullion blended into one unifying theme. In his chapter discussing the provement of spiritual discipline, there are areas that are beneficial to the Christian and areas that are not. Coincidentally, those that do help deal more with the external as opposed to the internal. Finding a time and place that is consistent in reading Scripture helps to develop a consistency which coincides with repetition in going back to the playscript daily. Journaling helps in recalling areas one believes the Spirit is taking him in relation to any given question or issue currently being dealt with. It in like manner provides a timeline of posterity for future generations to read through. A spiritual consort which is a fancy way of saying Christian Brother is approximate for edification and encouragement through prayer and study time. Coupled with these areas are exercises that dwell on the internal of the person involved. Picturing, pondering, and praying of the Lectio Divina borders on the Eastern mysticism and Catholic heritage of attempting to draw closer to God through works. In clearing the mind of no thought, breathing exercises, good posture, and repeating a mantra to better focus on Scripture only clears the way for self-reflection unto sanctification.2 closing curtainThe entire effort of Spiritual Formation as a all combines the Biblical with the non-Biblical under the contemplative ministry. It is rooted in Catholic pietistic mysticism with its emphasis on discipleship. It is espoused of righteousness by works by attempting to reach God by its own strength. Many Christians, who do not study as they should, take for granted what is spoken to them by leaders in the church in whom they trust, and assume it is true. It has been attributed to CH Spurgeon of the saying, Discernment is not apparently a matter of telling the difference between what is right and incorrect rather it is the difference between right and almost right. It is in this append of wisdom the Christian should r eflect upon when determining whether they should follow to the letter that which is summarily grouped under Spiritual Formation.

Principles of Sterilisation in Microbiology

Principles of sterilisation in Microbiology damp and dry stir upHow atomic number 18 micro beingnesss destroyed by moist high temperature? By dry heat?Moist Destroys the building and organisms by destroying with heat. The combination of steam and pressure, the temperature is usually 121C and 15 lbs. per move on for thirty minutes. prohibitionist Kills organisms using oxidation methods. Most large-minded of the spores requires a temperature of 121C for around two hoursAre some microorganisms more resistant to heat than others? wherefore?Endospores atomic number 18 extremely resistant to heat beca use of goods and services they halt a tougher coat and a low moisture content. Additionally, they nominate a large amount of calcium and dipicolinic acid that helps to protect them from heat.Is moist heat more effective than dry heat? why?The National library of Medicine states, Moist heat penetrates faster than dry heat (Medicine, 2015). Moist heat penetrates the molecules, addi tionally, the water molecules conduct heat much better than air.Why does dry heat require higher temperatures for longer term periods to determine than does moist heat?Because water is a better conductor than air, thereof the dry heat does not penetrate as well.What is the relationship of sentence to temperature in heat sterilization? Explain.Basically the higher the temperature the less judgment of conviction needed.The steriliserDefine the principles of sterilization with an autoclave and with a dry heat oven.An autoclave sterilizes using high pressurized steam heat that is made by high temperature boiling water and pressure. The steam vibrations destroy the microorganisms. Judelson states, Autoclaving generally involves rut in saturated steam under a pressure of round 15 psi, to achieve a chamber temperature of a least 121C (250F)but industry, other combinations of time and temperature be sometimes apply (Judelson, 2015).Dry heat ovens subject the microorganisms to hig h temperatures and destroy the bacterias by drying them out and staple fiberally sterilizing them from the outside to the inside by heat and no water. Unlike an autoclave which is one piece of equipment, dry heat plunder include a hot air oven, incineration, radiation, microwave, Bunsen burner and flaming.What pressure, temperature, and time argon used in routine autoclaving?With the combination of steam and pressure, the temperature is usually at 121C and 15 lbs. per inch for thirty minutes (Kenneth Todar, 2015).What factors determine the time period needed for steam-pressure sterilization? Dry-heat oven sterilization?The combination of temperature and time be what decides the actual time. Accordint to Mazhar Hussain, The thermal death time is the time required to murder all the bacteria in a particular culture at a specified temperature. Both TDP and TDT are useful guidelines that allude the severity of treatment required to kill a given existence of bacteria (Hussian, 2015 ). With dry heat the materials play an important factor.Why is it necessary to use bacteriologic controls to monitor heat- sterilization techniques?They are necessary to match that the autoclave is working properly and efficiently. They are place throughout the autoclave to ensure a complete testing of the autoclave.When running an endospore control of autoclaving technique, wherefore is one endospore preparation incubated without heating?The control is used to ensure that the spores are destroyed effectively and that there are no problems with the machine.Primary media for closing off of microorganismsDefine a first derivative medium and discuss its purpose.Morello taught us that a differential media has one or more components that are used by some types of microorganisms and yet not others. (Morello, Granato, Morton, 2013) This a will deliver an individual to tell the going a expressions of a colony based on the colonies characteristics (i.e. shape, subterfuge or pattern).D efine a selective medium and describe its uses.selective media choses one type of microorganisms and consequently suppresses the others while not inhibiting their ability to rattling grow. MacConkeys agar would be a selective media as it selects universal gravitational constant minus bacteria and yet inhibits gram positive bacteria.Why is MacConkey agar selective as well as differential?According to capital of Texas Community College, MacConkey Agar (MAC) is a selective and differential medium designed to isolate and differentiate enterals based on their ability to acetify lactose, by using bile salts and crystal violet inhibit the ingathering of Gram positive organisms and lactose provides a source of fermentable carbohydrate, allowing for note (ACC, 2015).Why is blood agar useful as a primary isolation medium?Blood agar would be a differential media because of its ability to destroy hemoglobin and red blood cells.What is the major difference between special Thayer-Marti n (MTM) and umber agar? When would you use MTM rather than chocolate agar?Modified Thayer-Martin is a selective medium that is for gram negative microorganisms that has both a medium and antibiotics, whereas chocolate agar is a non-selective medium.Modified Thayer-Martin is only used when the culture ordered is from the genital area or for sexually transmitted diseases, whereas chocolate is used for many different types of cultures. metabolic activities of bacteriaWhat is the colour of phenol red at an acid pH?Yellow is the color below 7.0 pH.What is the function of a Durham electron organ pipe?A Durham metro contains a small inverted tube that is used for trapping the gasses that are formed when the broth inside is incubated. (Morello, Granato, Morton, 2013)Why is iodine used to detect starch hydrolysis?When the iodine dissolves with a tooth root of potassium, it will to turn a purple or blackish color due to the interaction with starch.How is indole produced in SIM medium? H ow is it detected?Hardy nosology states, The ingredients in SIM Medium enable the determination of three activities by which enteric bacteria toilette be differentiated sodium thiosulfate and ferrous ammonium ion ion sulfate are indicators of hydrogen sulfide output and the ferrous ammonium sulfate reacts with H2S gas to produce ferrous sulfide, a black precipitate, additionally the casein peptone is rich in tryptophan, which is attacked by certain microorganisms resulting in the production of indole (Diagnostics, 2015). Following the incubation period, the indole is detected with the addition of the reagents. Therefore the detection of the movement is due to the semisolid nature of the medium.How is hydrogen sulfide demonstrated in this medium?The hydrogen sulfide is detected after the production of ferrous sulfide when ferrous ammonium sulfate has reacted with H2S gas.What is the vantage of viewing crop structures in a transparent tape preparation?Southern University of Ill inois states, The return of transparent tape preparation is it allows the fungal structures to be viewed without disrupting the characteristics of their geomorphology (Illinois, 2015)What fungus tail end be identified reliably by using the germ tube test?Morello taught us that Candida albi flocks is the most common yeast put together using the germ test and is an important cause of human transmitting (Morello, Granato, Morton, 2013)Name three stains or reagents that may be used to relieve the microscopic detection of fungi in clinical samples.Potassium hydroxideCalcofluor whiteIndia InkWright, Giemsa, or Diff-QuikstainsGram stainWhat is the briny profit of using the slide culture technique for identifying molds?It is a fast way to prepare, identify and examine fungal colonies.It makes it easier to study with little disturbances.According to Amrita, kingdom Fungi are identified mostly by close examination of its morphology and the characteristics it possess (Amrita, 2015).Wh at is an opportunistic pathogen? Name three fungal specimens.It is a pathogen that books advantage of an individual that has a compromised immunity system.Candidiasis, Apergillosis and CryptococcosisProtozoa and animal parasitesDescribe the basic structures of protozoa. Can these same structures be seen in bacteria using a light microscope?The structure of protozoa is a single celled organisms with a straightforward nucleus with chromosomes and surrounded by a membranous envelope. Additionally, Professor Anderson of capital of South Carolina University states, They also have other internal cellular structures known as organelles that perform the many physiological functions needed to maintain the life of the organism and these organelles include mitochondria that break down nutrient molecules during respiration to produce cleverness for the cell (Anderson, 2015).Are any bloodsucking diseases directly communicable from someone to person? If so, how are they transmitted? What kind s of precautions should be taken in sympathize with for persons with directly transmissible parasitic infections?Yes, but most have to have a host to be transferred. Lice for and an example is a parasite that can jump from one individual to another. Additionally, if someone is infected and does not use proper cleaning/washing of hands they can introduce a parasite through the preparation of food.Washing of hands and using preventive techniques is the best way to prevent the contamination or spreading of parasites.What parasitic forms can be seen in the feces of a patient with hookworm disease?Eggs can be seen in hookworm, Eggs and body part can be seen in tapeworm, in cryptosporidiosis the parasite can be seen, in trichinosis, the doctor will look for the antibodies of the roundworm. (Merck, 2015)What parasitic forms can be seen in the blood of a patient with African sleeping disease? Filariasis? Amebiasis?In the blood of an individual with African sleeping sickness, the T. b. r hodesiense parasites can be found. In Filariasis, According to The concentrate for Disease Control (CDC), The bounteous worms only live in the human lymph system (CDC, 2015). For Amebiasis The Center for Disease Control also states that, Diagnosis can be fractious because other parasites can look very similar toE. histolyticawhen seen under a microscope (CDC, 2015), but the cysts can be seen in the stools/feces of an infected person.What is meant by the life cycle of a parasite? What importance does it have to those who take care of patients with parasitic diseases?The life cycle depends on the parasite, there are stages, the parasite infects a host, feeds off of the host and lays eggs. Sometimes the eggs embrace and sometimes the y turn into cysts. The eggs, cysts and sometimes parts of the body are then transferred out of the body through fecal matter, or sometimes infected blood. When this happens they then go onto the next host and the cycle repeats.The main importance is pr otection and cleanliness. Proper use of protective wear and then washing of the hands and any surfaces that may have been contaminated are the primary rules for the containment of spreading parasites.ReferencesACC, A. C. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http//www.austincc.edu/microbugz/macconkey_agar.phpAmrita, U. o. (2015, January 13). Amrita. Retrieved from http//amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=3brch=76sim=693cnt=2Anderson, P. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from protozoa.uga.edu/education/students/for_students_sop_web_oraCDC. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http//www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/Diagnostics, H. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from https//catalog.hardydiagnostics.com/cp_prod/Content/hugo/SIMMedium.htmHussian, M. (2015, January 12). Retrieved from http//microbiologyon-line.blogspot.com/2009_08_02_archive.htmlIllinois, S. U. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http//www.siue.edu/cbwilso/250myco1_032.htmJudelson, H. (2015, January 8). Retrieved from http//oomycetewor ld.net/protocols/autoclave operation.pdfKenneth Todar, P. (2015, January 8). Retrieved from http//textbookofbacteriology.net/control.htmlMedicine, N. L. (2015, January 12). Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3808259/Merck. (2015, January 13). Retrieved from http//www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic_infections/hookworm_infection.htmlMorello, J., Granato, P., Morton, V. (2013). , Paul Granato, and Verna Morton. In Microbiology Applications to Patient Care, 11th Editio (p. 111). McGraw-Hill.

An Overview Of Marriott International Information Systems Essay

An Overview Of Marriott world-wide Information Systems EssayIn total, Marriott operates hotels under 4-spotteen different brands, with four brands in full-service lodging, three in select-service lodging, three in extended- block lodging and four in erash atomic number 18.This extensive accommodation portfolio is combined with a synthetic raise increaseion facility, which Marriott operates as a joint venture. (Global trade Information Database, 2005) effrontery the wide size and scope of Marriotts trading operations around the globe, development systems argon spanking to the smooth running of Marriotts hotel operations, thus this piece im contribution sample how they have fit into such a diverse portfolio.Introduction umteen cable organisations in todays information eon have holistic, broad views of commerce operations, and tailor them to accommodate the different types of individual course units or operations within their portfolio. In the historical, companies we re relatively self-contained and information fightment was straightforward, besides the diverse air needs of the modern environment, including strategy formulation, process definition, product portfolio definition and construction, capital equipment ownership, technology, infrastructure and operations gage no protracted be kept on such a tight find as many companies held them a decade ago. (Olson, 2005)The way enterprises carry off their operations has been changed, in fundamental ways, by the information age, and these new approaches are apply by corporations to strategically manage operations and diverse portfolios with virtually every new initiative, whether it is internal transformation, where direct control of put on the line factors is very gamey but technology is new with partners, where direct control over attempt factors is shared or with other stakeholders where direct control over risk factors is often very low. As such, it is important that diverse, multinatio nal operators, such as Marriott International, have solid, manageable information systems in place, to better enable them to manage their diverse operations and investments.As such, this piece aims to use various sources of collateral research to analyse some of the systems Marriott International uses to manage its hotel and give operations information across its spheric hotel holdings.Procedure / ResearchMy primary regularity of research has been to use online databases, such as EBSCO host, MINTEL and Euromonitor, to find relevant articles, two on the use of information systems in clientele operations in general, and to a greater extent specifically on the use of information systems within Marriott Internationals business model. One of the main, and most well known, uses of information systems by Marriott International is its instruction on technology initiatives to boost the lodges sales.In order to accomplish this, the troupe has implemented a detailed customer-relations hip watchfulness package from Siebel Systems Inc., and engaged in a plan to upgrade its central reservations, revenue and property management systems, tolerateing customers to view and book rooms online. (Rosen, 2001)Another, less(prenominal) well know and less obvious area where Marriott International uses information systems is across its many in house catering departments. To aid with this, the family has completed a rollout of the ChefTec convention management, food costing and inventory system, a Windows-based platform develop by Culinary Software Services Inc. Marriott International corporate executive chef tool DAndrea expressed enthusiasm with the new system and discussed the operators previous menu management process. (Nations Restaurant News, 1999)For typesetters case, the system means that recipes can be converted automatically from domestic, to metric scales, to imperial amounts in the United Kingdom, where Marriott has many properties. The operator alike has ve rsions of software program in several languages, including English, Spanish and German, and is working on adept in Mandarin Chinese. Marriott alike added its own glossary of culinary terms, optimum cooking times for off-used foods and a year-round planning feature, which helps chefs with seasonal menus for example it informs them that March is the peak month for asparagus.Denver-based Culinary Software Services in addition worked c stomachly with Marriott to cull roughly 2,500 of its recipes and 500 pictures and replicate them onto CD-ROMs, which were be distributed to to a greater extent than 400 of Marriotts full-service hotels in the United States and abroad. (Nations Restaurant News, 1999) Taking advantage of ChefTecs midpoint and advanced features, Marriott International as well as will be able to do the following organize inventories based on bids from multiple vendors search for recipes by ingredients, categories and names attach photographs and video files to recipes and save recipes in the hypertext markup language, which will allow chefs to distribute them over the Internet.Findings / AnalysisIn the context of the hotel industry, computers and information systems do three things very well, all of which are important in the hotel and catering industry. One, they handle large amounts of data. Two, they communicate at the speed of light. And three, they follow rules. (Hamstra, 1997) These factors are hugely important when managing a 3,000 hotel portfolio across seventy countries around the world. non only must information, including booking and reservation data, be shared cursorily with all other properties, but it must also be accurate, and in line with the companys overall strategy.Toward that end, the company has recently auditioned an Intranet prototype called Oasis, which is intentional to give unit- direct managers instant introduction to the information they need to run their locations, and manage relationships with their customers. (R osen, 2001)Accounting is one of the more obvious areas in which technology has an extend to on Marriott operations, as although most units have typically been equipped with radical software programs, much like small businesses, over eighty pct of period-end transactions are now handled electronically by year-end. (Rosen, 2001) The company is some halfway by its rollout of the Xcellenet system, which allows operators at the unit level to download software from corporate headquarters and to digitally transmit accounting reports via phone lines.However, the company keeps a wary eye on its technology expenditures, often use existing technologies longer than other businesses would. Although the entire Marriott organization spent $ atomic number 6 million on technology in 1997 (Hamstra, 1997), the lodging side of the company generally has the greatest need for the most advanced systems in its global hotel network. Often systems are tested and implemented in the lodging persona befo re being adopted by the catering and other departments.In human resources, Marriott is putting advanced technology to use both in recruiting and training, including the companys Alexus system, which uses laser-scanning technology for the electronic storage of resumes, which can be accessed via the Internet by human resources personnel. When a position needs to be filled, Alexus automatically sorts through the resumes in its database to display those that represent the most qualified applicants.The company also sees a bright future for its CD-ROM interactive training program, which was developed in-house (Rosen, 2001). The product, which is used in conjunction with workbooks, gives unit-level managers an orientation to Marriott International, and subsequent segments in the serial provide training in such areas as conducting pre-shift meetings, planning a menu and arranging reservations. Although Marriott is still in the early stages of the rollout of this technology as of 2001, the second CD in the series was in a 40-unit test and the third was in a five-unit test, the company had already achieved significant time savings in training through use of the program, according to Fran Szabo, coach of interactive training at MMS. (Rosen, 2001)The companys information systems and technology are also reaching the stage when they can be used to enhance the service the company provides to its business clients. The same employees who eat in the company cafeteria may someday be able to click on an icon on their computer screen that allows them to order food to take home or to supercharge access to other services, such as car detailing, and business clients who like the recipes served in the restaurant may be able to do likewise.Technology also plays a role in food production, with about 20 percent of the companys units using some form of automation in the production process, primarily in menu control. Here, however, the fundamental stumbling block will be in following r ules If somebody says, My moms apple pie is better than the type recipe, then the next thing you know, youve got 120 different recipes for apple pie and you lose your procurement leverage. (Hamstra, 1997)Another massive impact of information systems on Marriotts business is the impact of providing free-to-guest internet access technology on the hoteliers revenue. When this technology premiere came on the scene, hoteliers saw it as an opportunity for revenue generation, however as time progressed, it became a necessity for guests, as well as part of the strategy to create exceptional value. For instance, at Marriott International Inc.s Courtyard and SpringHill Suites brands, guests are taking advantage of the high-speed Internet access service for more than just electronic-mail. They are accessing digital music and other types of digital content, and Marriott is presently responsible for the be of this. (Shaw, 2005)However, as reliable, free to guest internet access becomes more and more of a requirement for guests, Marriott is being forced to ca-ca these costs into its business model, and thus is able to take a more holistic approach to customer information technology and systems across its business. This enables Marriott to gain supply chain leverage in this area, thus reducing the costs of information systems and Internet access across the group as a whole.Conclusions and recommendationsBy aligning the IT strategy with the business strategy over the past three years, Marriotts senior management has grown to consider technology as an investment rather than an expense. The concept of assigning a business blow over and an IT lead to all major projects that are technology-enabled starts at the executive level (Computerworld, 2001), and executive decision-making meetings, such as Marriotts business sector Strategy Review, e-Business Council and Digital Business Strategy, are all cross-functional and co-led.As a result, IT better understands and supports Ma rriotts business strategy, and business executives have a much better understanding of what technology can and cant do. This provides Marriott with a sustainable competitive advantage.CIO Magazine named Marriott International to its nip 100 list for the fifth time. Marriott is the only hotel on the list, which recognizes organizations for excellence in information technology. (Lodging Hospitality, 2004) Marriotts presence on this list clearly demonstrates the companys commitment to underdeveloped its information systems, and using them to support its business.Given that Marriotts revenue grew by 44% between 1999 and 2004, and profits grew by 49% over the same period (Global Market Information Database, 2005) at the time of the companys latest investments in information systems, it is clear from this that information systems are vital to the smooth running of a major multinational hotel operation and, indeed, this provides evidence that information systems are vital for any major b usiness operation.Also, in order to further growth, Marriott is probable to taper strongly on international expansion, which is crucial, as Marriotts portfolio is currently super reliant on US hotel sales. As a result, Marriott must focus on developing the speed and accuracy of its information systems to facilitate this growth, and stay in its current, market leading, position.ReferencesComputerworld (2001) In their own voices. Vol. 35, uncover 13, p. 42.Global Market Information Database (2005) Marriott International Inc. Euromonitor International.Hamstra, M. (1997) Marriott finds no cookie-cutter solutions for technology. Nations Restaurant News Vol. 31, end 10, p. 110.Lodging Hospitality. (2004) Tech Bytes. Vol. 60, Issue 13, p. 54.Nations Restaurant News (1999) Marriott Internationals ChefTec makes recipe register a snap. Vol. 33, Issue 20, p. 86.Olson, E. G. (2005) Strategically managing risk in the information age a holistic approach. Journal of Business Strategy Vol. 26 , Issue 6, p. 45.Rosen, C. (2001) Marriott Uses CRM industry To Boost Sales. InformationWeek Issue 843, p. 73.Shaw, R. (2005) Free-to-guest services migrate from revenue streams. Hotel Motel Management Vol. 220, Issue 18, p. 26.

How Does Poverty Affect A Child?

How Does beggary squander-to doe with A nipper?State parties recognise the right of e precise kid to a measure of alimentation adequate for the minors physical, moral, spiritual, clean and affectionate catchment. (UN Convention, Article 27) (Daniel, P, 1998, p50) in that respect ar two definitions of pauperism exacting and relative. Absolute s locoweedtiness reboots to a set of lastards which is the same in alone countries and which does non change over time, whereas relative meagerness refers to a standard which is defined in terms in which the individual constitutes. In Britain we refer to relative exiguity when discussing scantiness, agree to overthrow child poverty. Org (2009) 4 billion children, one in three, are currently active in poverty in the UK, http//www.endpoverty.org/Any ho occasionhold with an income of less(prenominal)(prenominal) than 60% of the British normal is classified ad as in poverty. The official cut off belong develop up is 199 per week for single parents and 283.20 for a two parent family after accommodate has been paid (Gentleman, Amelia, 2009) It is often argued that if children are housed, fed and bring on access to issue wellnesscare that they have nothing to complain ab out(a), Hilary Fisher, orderor of the campaign to End Child Poverty would disagree stating half Dickensian, half wartime, with motion-picture shows of children in ill-fitting clothes, is very far from reality. People have peculiarly outdated conceptions of British poverty (Gentleman, Amelia, 2009) http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour- kill-promiseProviding a weeks worth of meals for three batch for 6.66 a head is easy once you work out how, .The gasolene and electricity salarys for the week have already been made, so she knows the children will be warm. A mothers words quoted from an article from The Guardian. She too rejects the suggestion that her family might be described as unreten tive. Oh no, she says firmly. We attract by. http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/mar/18/child-poverty-labour-eradicate-promisePoverty usually means children miss out on school trips, do not have adequate winter clothing and arent able to bask leisure activities with their peers. As a result, their education suffers making it difficult to get the qualifications they lease to move on to sustainable, well-paid jobs. This limits their potential to earn the silver take to support their own families in later life, and so a cycles/second of poverty is created.According to Rowntree the two most significant causes of child poverty are long-term unemployment and the receiveing number of disordered paid jobs. (Daniel, P, 1998, p59) Children who grow up in poverty face a with child(p)er guess of having lamentable health, cosmos exposed to discourtesy and failing to reach their copious potential. http//www.dcsf.gov.uk/ anychildmatters/strategy/parents/childpoverty/childpoverty/ Childhood is the most vulnerable time of life and health inequalities can have lasting nubs throughout life. Good health in the early years lays the foundations for positive ontogeny. http//www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/priority.aspxKaty Morton says children living in poverty are much likely to be obese and have poor dental health. (Nursery World). Obesity can lead to an increased risk of diabetes, nerve centre distemper, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis and some cancers. http//www.food.gov.uk/science/ viandsarysurveys/lidnsbranch/Attachment surmisal is the joint work of John Bowlby and bloody shame Ainsworth (Ainsworth Bowlby, 1991). He thereby revolutionized our idea about a childs tie to the mother and its disruption through folkaration, deprivation, and bereavement. Mary Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secure plant from which an infant can explore the world. http//www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/inge_origins. pdf.Poverty reduces the parental dumbfound and attachment between parent and child, due to the parent creation pre-occupied with financial problems, housing worries and health problems, according to studies of parents in poor families (Huston, 199 McLoyd, 1990 Sampson Laub, 1994) (Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346)This could be argued that children whose parents are out of work and are at home with the children may have a better attachment with their children due to time spent at home the first few months are vital in hostelry for babies to form healthy attachments. http //www.hmg.gov.uk/newopportunities/early_years/priority.aspxThese studies also suggested that child that come from poorer homes often live in a chaotic and disorganized manner due to parents being too busy with their own problems and that children would more likely to be attracted to play in the street and are more likely to come to psychic trauma within the home and outside of the home. That parents are more likely t o use erratic and disciplinary techniques to use physical punishment on their children. (Rudolph Schaffer, H, p346) umteen children who face poverty escape damage and develop into well-functioning with child(p)s. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347) Poverty does not always lead to inadequate parenting but can have great effects on the childrens self esteem and self image leading to depression and worthlessness. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347)Children who have intellectual, athletic or artistic talent which leads to fulfilment are more likely to follow acceptable pathways quite a than leading into anti-social behaviour, violence and crime. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347) Where children who come from poverty their parents may not be able to afford the fees for such activities and not be able to livestock the equipment needed, this could result in the child not being able to develop their talents. (Rudolph, Schaffer, H, p347)It was in 1867 that Thomas Barnado set up the Ragged School and kickof f helping the abused, vulnerable, forgotten and neglected children of east London and his work pipe down continues today. Barnardos vision today is that the lives of all children and young people should be large-minded from poverty, abuse and discrimination. Barnardos believe in the abused, the vulnerable, the forgotten and the neglected. We pledge to support them, stand up for them and bring out the best in each and every child http//www.barnardos.org.uk/who_we_are/history.htmA government-commissioned report on health inequalities will supply a key influence on future public health policy in the UK, according to Health Secretary Frank dobsonfly the Acheson report published in 1998 demonstrates the existence of health disparities and their relationship to social class, the report calls for an increase in benefits for expectant mothers as they have inadequate diets.There is substantial evidence that reduced breast-feeding, small-for-gestational-age birth weight, Fe and I deficien cy, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) are associated with long-term deficits in cognition and school achievement. However, all these physiques are associated with poverty and poor health, according to a report by S. M. Grantham-McGregor, S. P. perambulator and S. Chang http//journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1fid=796168jid=PNSvolumeId=59issueId=01aid=796156 Cognitive development are stages that children have to murmur through to at a lower placestand and make sense of the world around them as stated by Piaget (Kehily, M, J, pg, 145, 2009)Also stating that poverty has a disproportionate effect on children, and children under two are more expensive to assist after than older children, but Income Support levels do not rebound this. Furthermore it states that many low income families do not have plenty money to buy the items and services necessary for good health, meaning that money for food is often used to meet emergencies. The report calls for more susten ance for schools in deprived areas, better nutrition at schools and health promoting schools. Promoting health through the curriculum, offering free fresh fruit and avoid set sweet machines on the premises. The report also states children from disadvantaged behindgrounds achieve less at school than other children and are more likely to go on to get badly paid jobs or be unemployed. This leads to a vicious circle of health problems associated with low income and a perpetuation of the poverty trap. The poor are also twice as likely to have drink problems as the replete. Seventeen per cent of poor men and 6% of poor women has an alcohol problem, compared with 8% of rich men and 3% of rich women.http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/222649.stmMen and women with a lower level of educational achievement tended to have a less healthy diet according to results from The Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey (LIDNS). http//www.food.gov.uk/science/dietarysurveys/lidnsbranch/In Britain in 1997, on e home in every three was classified as a low-income household. With children being raised in poverty were less likely to attend school on a regular basis, not progressing on to further education and gaining qualifications to lead into employment. Girls were more likely to manufacture young mothers and to fall into the same cycle of deprivation as their parents. There is a strong link between childishness experiences and adult life-chances. spring Prime Minister, Tony Blair, pledged in 1999, to end child poverty by 2020 with an interim target to halve child poverty by 2010/11. http//www.insidegovernment.co.uk/children/child_poverty/Children living in poverty usually have to live in poor housing conditions, this can lead to the child having health problems like asthma, bronchitis,living in bad housing can cause severe ill-health and hinderance before they reach middle age. they are more likely to be absent from school, child development suffers due to their home being stone-cold and damp, their chest hurts when they breathe, and not being able to sleep at night, when the passion does not work as an article by lisa Harker states. http//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/sep/13/comment.guardiansocietysupplementEvery Child Matters government programme for child welfare picks out health, safety, economic well-being, making a positive contribution, enjoying and achieving as the critical factors that sort childrens lives, there is no explicit recognition of the role that housing plays Childrens mental health is also affected. According to The Shelter children are teased at school because their clothes smell of damp, which affects self-confidence and they have low self-esteem. The condition of the house makes it difficult children to have friends round to play, which impacts on their social development. http//image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/ golf-club/documents/2006/09/12/Lifechancereport.pdfIn 1999 the Government made it a priority to eradicate child poverty withi n a generation. The Child Poverty schnoz was introduced to provide a statutory basis for the commitment made by the government in 1999 to eradicate child poverty by 2020.http//www.politics.co.uk/ order/children-and-family/child-poverty-bill-$1307945.htmSure Start brings together childcare, early education, health and family-support services for families with children under 5 years old. It is the cornerstone of the Governments drive to tackle child poverty and social exclusion working with parents-to-be, parents, carers and children to promote the physical, intellectual and social development of babies and young children so that they can flourish at home and when they get to school. http//www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/earlyyears/surestart/aboutsurestart/aboutsurestart/From April 2009 expectant mothers are able to get a one-off, tax income revenue-free payment called the Health in Pregnancy Grant. The grant is a one-off payment of xcl the money is to help parents with cost of a new baby. http//www.hmrc.gov.uk/hipg/what-is-it.htm1 also a way of encouraging pregnant women to eat more healthily, to conk more money on fruit and vegetables. This was argued by Dr Mark gatekeeper from the Times that many mothers to be would spend the grant on have and fags rather than on enriching food for their unborn. Recent research has shown that the nutritional view of the mother during pregnancy can have a profound long-term impact on her unborn babys health. This can alter the babys metabolism, permanently increase the likelihood of a range of problems in adult life, including obesity, heart disease and high blood pressure. http//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article6086365.eceExpectant mothers not having the sufficient vitamin can have greater risk of children developing diabetes, multiple sclerosis and possibly even autism according to Dr Mark Porter from The Times. http//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article6086 365.eceADHD is associated with children of low birth weight tobacco, alcohol and cocaine abuse during pregnancy although there is little evidence that ADHD can arise purely out of social or environmental factors such as poverty, family chaos, diet or poor parent management (Barkley, 1990).http//www.adhdtraining.co.uk/about.phpThe strong association noted in a study between maternal mental health and childhood ADHD, single-parent families of lower income may be the most affected population.http//pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/111/5/S1/1232The Government introduced the Child Benefit in 1977 replacing family allowances and child tax allowances it is a tax-free payment that can be claimed for children. . There are two separate amounts, with a higher amount for the eldest (or only) child of 20.00 a week 13.20 a week for any other children. Child Benefit is flat-rate and not age-related. The case for age relation is that children become more expensive as they grow older. .htt p//www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socialsecurity.htm?CFID=538533CFTOKEN=eec3c7817f178fc-6136AFC9-D609-CB06-42FF4E4FAC7FCB18jsessionid=5030a3ed25e20497a47539430a692d643d45TRChild Trust investment firm (CTF) is a savings and investment account for children. Children born on or after 1 September 2002 will receive a 250 verifier to start their account. The account belongs to the child and cant be touched until they turn 18, so that children have some money behind them to start their adult life.Working valuate Credits was introduced in 1998 with the child care tax credit contributing to 70% of childcare for most families to help them back into work. (Pugh, G, p12, 2010)According to a report by Steve Doughty, Labours Tax Credits is being blamed for the break-up of families and the doubling of divorce rates in low income families with children. Ministers do it that children being raised by married couples or complete family units are more likely to do better at school, have a better diet and are less likely to turn to crime and unemployment as those children coming from single parent families and step families. http//www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1158700/Tax-credits-DO-help-break-families-Parents-encouraged-divorce-claim-higher-benefits-says-report.html Tax Credits is to blame for the extra 45,000 extra babies born yearly according to research from the Fiscal Studies.With all the help from the government and all the inducement schemes why do children still living in poverty, do parents need to be better educated and should children learn money management at school. The Governments Every Child Matters Outcomes Framework should be revised to reflect the direct impact that housing has on all aspects of childrens life chances