Management Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Management Perspectives EssayA questionnaire was sent to a member of top management of seventy-six firms that have adopted EVA? type performance measures, cardinal of these firms having included the measure in their incentive compensation. Based on the respondents answers, EVA? erformance measures appear to help align the interests of management with those of the firms shareholders with the emphasis shifting from bottom-line boodle to earning more than the cost of employed capital.The responses are compared with prior empirical work. In most cases, the observed results of management actions is consistent with the responses from this survey. This paper resulted from work done for my address from the University of Washington. I wish to thank my committee members Gary Biddle, Robert Bowen, Eric Noreen, Terry Shevlin, and Naomi Soderstrom.

Kilarjian v. Vastola Essay Example for Free

Kilarjian v. Vastola EssayPlaintiffs contended that the difference in the financing costs they experience because of the delay should be presented as damages because the breach by defendants will result in a higher financing cost. Also, plaintiffs strongly stress the breach of contract because they suffered costs and lawyers fees as well as financing costs for the delay in acquiring a second mortgage obligation Defendants delay should be calculated as damages for plaintiffs. On June 15, 2004, plaintiffs real estate attorney forwarded a time-of-the-essence letter to defendants, setting a closing view of June 25, 2004. Defendants failed to close and are not willing to close on the property. Defendants do not dispute the weight of the contract. However, Mrs. Vastolas spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) began to accelerate. In exoneration of their position, defendants provided a letter from Mrs. Vastolas doctor, Mark J. Brown, which explained that SMA is a progressive neurological condit ion that, as a result, disables her from all daily activities because of her arms and legs are weak which results in putting Mrs. Vastola in no condition to sell her house and move. Correspondingly the defendants argue that since the time they signed the contract for the sale of the home, Mrs. Vastolas conditions become increasingly worse, should excuse the performance in proceeding with the sale of their house.Besides the plaintiffs were well aware of Mrs. Vastolas condition when they signed the contract. Defendants also advise the court that finances are tight and they should not be responsible for an increase in mortgage pass judgment considering the situation the Vastolas have recently encountered. Issue In this case is it acceptable for the court to award costs to the plaintiffs for legal charges and land fees but also void the breach of contract, by the defendant, considering the physical health of the defendant, make up if the contract was signed before the defendant wasdia gnosed with SMA? Decision Yes. Plaintiffs are entitled to reimbursement for costs associated with the breach of contract.Compensatory damages are intended to recompense the injured claimant for losings due to the breach. However, a defendant is not chargeable for a loss that he did not have reason to foresee as a presumable result of the breach when the contract was made. The specific elements to be applied in any given case of a sellers breach of an executory agreement to sell real estate may vary in order to achieve the broad purposes of damages.If the buyer subsequently purchased another property financed at a higher disport, the rate interest differential occasioned by the sellers default might be a proper factor to consider in fixing damages. Overall plaintiffs effort for summary judgment is hereby denied because of the defendants substantial evidence to reinforce the defendants illness.Reason The court is sympathetic to the difficulty of the plaintiffs, who patently had t heir heart set on this house and have been waiting for a closing date but this court will consider documentations of interest rates on their mortgage, as well as the out of pocket expenses and attorney fees associated with the breach, so that the court can award costs accordingly to the plaintiffs. Nevertheless, the court would supply a heartless judgment to evict a woman whose health has deteriorated badly while the contract was pending and wishes nothing more than to remain in her home during the most difficult days of her illness.

Leadership Development In The Malaysian Army Management Essay

lead cultivation In The Malayan ground forces Management EssayBefore formulating the right dodge on leadership development in the Malayan army, there is a need do remote synopsis on environsal of Malaysia and comparative abbreviation on US and Singapore array leading learning and the current leadership increment in the Malayan regular army. Then the inner(a) analysis on Malayan army leading information on its organizational structure, vision, mission, roles and tasks and its leadership exploitation strength has been conducted. From the finding on the external analysis of Malayan environment there argon some factors that affects lead Development course of study in the Malayan force either political, economy, pledge, engineering science and government cipher. These factors will shape the strategical direction of the Malayan Army on its leaders Development and to ensure that its leaders could adapt the ch aloneenging and demanding changes of the Malay sian environment to fulfill its roles and tasks especially on its expanding tasks and to sustentation its still relevant from the public perception. In term of the political factors, there are certain programs and initiatives that should be considered for the leaders Development in the Malaysian Army such as Defense Policy formulated by the government, expanding roles on managing National Service Training Program, union in NBOS, pick upment in UN missions and involvement in promotion of LIMA and DSA. thereof, Leadership Development Programs should include these numberitional tasks to ensure the leaders understand the requirement to fulfill these tasks. Leadership Development also could be developed through National Defense University by providing the serving officers the opportunity for self- genteelness. Technical capabilities of the officers could be provoked by active participation in defense industries to keep footfall with the changing technology. The government also r ecognized the need for talented Army officers to develop the country and to achieve the mickle 2020 by appointment as minister in the cabinet, chairman or president in Government Link Company (GLC) and also as ut nearly Commissioner or Ambassador which was happening before. In term of economy, it will affected the Malaysian Army in attracting talented battalion, retention and also its defense compute, requital and compensation.106. For the external analysis, in order to benchmark for the best practice on the Leadership Development for the Army, the finding on comparative study on Leadership Development in US Army as a well developed Army and Singapore Army as neighbouring country of Malaysia has been conducted. The finding on the comparative analysis has shown that their macro environment in term of political, economy, credentials, technology and government budget has shaped their army and their macro environment are sort of antithetical from Malaysian Army. The US and Singa pore Army Leadership Development Model and fulfill are ground on their abnegation mechanism insurance policy where their policy is well defined and guide it easy for their army to develop the right system, commitment of the Government to build-up fit army which entirey supported by their government, Army vision, mission and objectives that will generate the right strategy for their Leadership Development Model and Process, Army roles and tasks that are based on their vision, mission and objectives, allotment of defence budget where very high and will support their Army development programs, They also could attract talented batch to join the army because of their penny-pinching ensure and professionalism, public perception on the Army is very good and their Leadership Development Process will be tailored to their Leadership Development Model.107. ground on the external analysis on the benchmark of Leadership Development in US and Singapore Army, there are some unique ca pabilities that could make a Leadership Development successful such as commitment by the Government to enhance Leadership Development, high budget allocation, the existence of defence universities, inter-agency/department co-operation with the Army, well defined public perception towards the Army, the need for Army officers to be well rounded and experienceable officers that could cope up any security situation challenges that arise, expanding roles of the Army especially in secondary roles on developing the realm to be addressed by the Army through their Leadership Development Programs to enhance the officers big businessman and efficiency to do these expanding roles, utilizing the technology wear that could have significant advantages against its adversary, the Army of treble skills and capability, the existence of Centre of Leadership Development, the need of doctrinal and continuous planning and education of the officer, commitment by all domains in Leadership Developmen t, joint services integration of the fortify Forces, intellectual Army officers, multiple skills of Army officers, enhance the value of Army officers, efficiency and aggressive marketing and talented people attracted to join the Army. every of these unique capabilities should be considered by the Malaysian Army to come up with the right strategy for its Leadership Development Programs.108. Compared to Malaysian Army internal analysis, its Leadership Development model is also based on Malaysian demur Policy alone the policy is not well defined and thereof the Army could not develop the right strategy for its leadership development. However, the Malaysian government is also committed to build-up fit Army that could consummate its roles and tasks in defending the country from external brats though its General Defence Policy. The Malaysian Army also has vision, mission, objectives, roles and tasks that will generate the right strategy for their Leadership Development Model and P rocess. Allocation of Defence Budget is lower compared to US and Singapore Army and could hinder Malaysian Army modernization and development programs. Malaysian Army as profession could not attract talented people to join the Army because sceptical public perception on the Army even it has good figure of speech and professionalism since the public think that the army is just blow the Government money without any real external threats.109. In term of equality on Leadership Development Mission, Goal, Model and Programs in the US, Singapore and Malaysian Army as mentioned before, there are a set of criteria that have been analysed Defence Policy, commitment of the government to build-up capable army, Army vision, mission and objectives, Army roles and tasks, allocation of defence budget, attraction to talented people to join the army, public perception on the Army, Leadership Development Model and Leadership Development Process. After analysing the affinity, The US and Singapore Army Leadership Development Model are based their defence policy equivalent as Malaysian Army. Their governments are committed to build-up capable army especially on modernizing and developing their Army through high defence budget compared to Malaysian Defence Budget which is lower. US, Singapore and Malaysian Army have their own vision, mission and objectives that will generate the right strategy for their Leadership Development Model and Process based on the defence policy. All the Army has roles and tasks that are based on their vision, mission and objectives. All Army has their own Leadership Development Model and Process is quite similar.110. The summary of comparison surrounded by US, Singapore and Malaysian Army is shown in dodge 5.CriteriaUS ArmySingapore ArmyMalaysian ArmyDefense policy soundly definedWell definedNo Defense White PaperGovernment CommitmentFully commitFully CommittedPartially CommittedArmy VMODefense of the country sovereignty and busy from external th reatsDefense of the country sovereignty and interest from external threatsDefense of the country sovereignty and interest from external threatsArmy Roles and Tasks found on VMOBased on VMOBased on VMODefense BudgetHigh (4.7% GDP)High (6.0% GDP)Lower (6.0% GDP)Talented stateLikely to join the ArmyNational ServiceLast ResortPublic PerceptionVery GoodVery GoodGoodLeadership Development ModelOperational, Institutional and Self DevelopmentInstitutional Training and Education, Duty assigning and Self DevelopmentInstitutional Training and Education, Duty Assignment and Self DevelopmentLeadership Development ProcessBased on the ModelBased on the ModelBased on the ModelTable 5 Comparison of Leadership Development between US, Singaporeand Malaysian ArmySource Author111. From the comparison on Leadership Development in US and Singapore Army, there are some unique capabilities that could make a Leadership Development successful. in that respect are few weaknesses form the comparison such as there is no Defence White Paper to provide Strategic direction and guidance on the defence of Malaysia, lower budget allocation that make the Leadership Development in the Malaysian Army lacking of funding on acquiring the latest military equipment and to enhanced its training institutions facilities and brass of Centre of Leadership Development and the sceptical public perception on the Malaysian Army that make it difficult to attract talented people to join the Army. The Malaysian Government need to be to a greater extent committed to the defence matters especially on defence budget allocation, coordinating inter-agency/department cooperation, crop the public the need to security and defence for the stability of the country for well defined public perception towards the Army, establishing of Centre of Leadership Development through budget allocation and additional non-military tasks given is based on the Armys capabilities. In term of Leadership Development Model, US, Singapore and the Malaysian Army are about the similar. However, on Leadership Development Process there are some qualities that need to be considered by the Malaysian Army as mentioned earlier.SWOT ANALYSIS113. Based on the external analysis on macro environment of Malaysia and comparative analysis on US and Singapore Army and then the internal analysis of the Malaysian Army, there are certain opportunities, threats, strength and weaknesses based on a SWOT- Matrix Analysis that effects Leadership Development in the Army as shown at Exhibit 11.STRENGTH/CAPABILITIES OF THE MALAYSIAN ARMY114. Army is Professional, honorable profession and providing a secure job. Therefore, the Army has to do a worthy marketing with stress on the Army as professional, honorable, secure job and clear vocation progression based on military courses requirement. At the same time the Army also is providing opportunity to officers for merely education especially courses not related to military offered by the Def ense University.115. The Government provides the opportunity for officers to get along in the government as Minister or Ambassador as recognition of the capability of the Army officers that has been develop through Leadership Development but not all officers has the opportunity. Therefore, The Army has to continuously reviewing its Leadership Development Concept, Model and Program to ensure to develop its officers knowledge, skills and experience. Since the Government has established Defense University, it is a good opportunity to officers for further education especially courses not related to military offered by the University. However, it is depend on budget allocation and the capability of the university to offer more courses not related to military.116. The Army has well structured organization, with clear vision, mission, objectives, clear purpose, roles and functions, even there is no Defense White Paper. However, the Army through Malaysian Armed Forces and Ministry of Defen se should insist on the government to come up with Defense White Paper, additional defense budget for establishment of Leadership Development Centre and more further education opportunity, more inter-agency/department co-operation coordinated by the Government most probably by the Home Affairs Ministry that involve the Police Force, Immigration Department, Fire Engine Department, Custom Department, Civil Defense Department and new(prenominal) relevant department that normally will be operative together on non-military tasks with the Army.117. The Army also has to accept the expanding non-military tasks mandated by the government as secondary roles such as to curb smuggling activities, illegal logging, dose and human trafficking, illegal immigrants, environmental damage, trans-borders activities and search and deliverance (SAR) of the civilians, etc, but it should be based on its capabilities. Therefore, a successful Leadership Development Concepts, Model and Process will be base d on the requirement of military and non-military tasks. However, currently, the Army is well developed on establishing Leadership Development training on military tasks but still lacking on the training and education on non-military tasks. Therefore, Leadership Development in the Army has to be continuously kept pace the changing security environment and the expanding roles and tasks. At the same time, the Army also has to work together with The Malaysian Armed Forces for joint service training so that it will enhance the operational experience of the Army officers as what required in the Leadership Development and more inter-agency/department co-operation to perform its non-military tasks.WEAKNESSES/LACKING IN THE MALAYSIAN ARMY118. Insufficient defense budget allocation for modernization, education and improvement on training facilities has effected Leadership Development in the Army. Therefore as mentioned earlier, the Army through Malaysian Armed Forces and Ministry of Defense should insist on the government to come up with additional defense budget for the modernization, establishment of Leadership Development Centre and more further education opportunity. If the Government recognizes the need for additional budget for further education to the officers it will provide better education and experience so that could enhance the value of Army officers.119. In order to attract talented and intellectual people to join the Army and to overturn skeptical and not well defined public perception, as mentioned earlier, comely marketing has to be conducted. In term of Leadership Development, the Army has to improve its Leadership Development Process and Support Systems, ensure commitment by all domains, provide opportunity for the officers for duty assignment and operational experience especially on non-military tasks,, enforced self-development to the officers and accept the fact that additional tasks as part of the secondary roles in the Army to counter the iden tity crisis as warrior of war against doing non-military tasks. These Non-military tasks also should be covered in training institutions and further education.120. Since the technical advancement provide the challenges to keep pace with old technologies and lack of defense industry participation, the Army should keep pace with technology advancement and provide opportunity for the officers to participate in defense industry activities. Since there is equivocalty of early security situation that demand to address continuously but at the same time additional tasks keep on expanding, the Army should be focusing on the immediate threat to the Malaysian sovereignty and how to face the uncertainty through Leadership Development Programs that will develop the officers on critical and analytical thinking capabilities based on the situation.121. The Army also should develop the inexperience officers in duty assignment and operational experience with more frequency in Army operations, trai ning, exercises and involve in more inter-agency/department cooperation coordinated by the Government that involve the Police Force, Immigration Department, Fire Engine Department, Custom Department, Civil Defense Department and other relevant department that normally will be working together on non-military tasks with the Army. Therefore, as mentioned earlier the trainings should be focus on this inter-agency cooperation and should be include in Leadership Development in the Army.CHAPTER VISTRATEGY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATIONSTRATEGY FORMULATION122. Malaysian Army as part of The Malaysian Armed Forces has the vision, mission, roles, tasks and functions based on the Armed Forces strategic guidance and eventually Malaysian Defense Policy as the main roles is to defense the country from external threats and secondary roles to perform additional tasks. In order to fulfill these tasks, the responsibility is on the officers of the Malaysian Army and a proper Leadership Development Pro gram has to be developed for the officers to keep pace with the current and future security environment, military and additional tasks non- military tasks on supporting the country in nation building and development. Leadership Development in the Malaysian Army should be tailored with the external environment of Malaysia in term of political, economic, social, security and budget allocation. At the same time, the formulation of the Strategy also should be based on the internal analysis of benchmarking of other armies for the best Leadership Development Concept, Model and Process.123. The Malaysian Army has to develop a comprehensive Leadership Development Strategy to prepare officers to lead soldiers in the future. The current Leadership Development that consist Leadership Development Concepts, Model (Institutional Training and Education, Duty and Operational Assignments and Self-Development), and Process (Responsibility, Integration, Sequences, Assessment, Feedback and Evaluation) are on the right track but need to be review and add some more details. This strategic direction for the training and education, operational experience and self development could progress to conditions for the development of its leader to perform their tasks in spacious range of primary and secondary tasks. The future operational environment would likely to be highly dynamic, complex and competitive that could be a challenge to the Malaysian Army. The focus of Leadership Development should be to enable officers to lead the soldiers, develop their subordinates and achieve the operational goal. In order to develop the officers in Leadership Development, focus should be on training institutions and education, duty and operational assignment and self development and they need to be integrated successfully.124. These domains has to be elaborate further muckle on how best the Army could fully develop its leaders within the limited resources and time to implement the strategy. The Stra tegy for Leadership Development in the Malaysian Army involve the commitment of training institutions, leaders and the officers themselves for a life long learning and development, balancing commitment to the training, education and experiences as component of Leadership Development, prepare officers for multiple threats and a full range of military missions through outcomes-based training and education, achieve balance and predictability in personnel policies and professional military education, fare the armys military talent to benefit both the institution and individual, prepare leaders by replicating the complexity of the operational environment in courses and units, produce leaders who are mentors and committed to developing their subordinates, prepare select leaders for responsibility at the national level and enhance their values, strengthen army leaders demonstrated cause of their profession or arms and inspire commitment to the professional ethics.125. The Army now needs Leadership Development that both meets immediate (short-term) requirements and long-term needs. An uncertain and complex future security environment continues to demand that Army Leadership Development Programs has to be review continuously and also prepare leaders to perform their tasks in future military or non-military tasks. The officers should be given the opportunity for their development through Leadership Development Programs to enable them to be confidence, competent, knowledgeable and gracious and experienced to lead their soldiers to the future. The Strategy for Leadership Development in the Malaysian Army will provide the characteristics for the Army leaders as they progress through their careers on how best to perform their tasks. The strategy should focus on aspects for the integration of policies, programs and initiatives to produce Army leaders. The strategy also could be guidance for career-long development of Army leaders through education, training and experience . The Leadership Development is not one time basis but also should be deliberate, continuous, sequential and progressive. The Army should create a learning organization that keep track of the changing security environment, future technologies, expanding roles in operation other than war and non-military tasks of supporting the government on nation building and development.126. The Leadership Development strategy will consist of how best the Army institutions will adapt the way in which to develop leaders. There are challenges on external and internal environment that will affect the strategy on Leadership Development. What the Army must do in Leadership Development is to educate, train and provide necessary experiences either operational or non operational in order to perform their roles and tasks successfully. Therefore, there is a need for full commitment of three important domains in Leadership Development which is Training Institutions and Education, Duty and Operational Assignm ent and Self Learning.127. However, there is a conflict between these domains such as to allow the officers development through education and training and at the same time to give enough operational experiences to the officers. At the same time self-development also will be difficult if they dont have the time. In order to be successful, there are certain aspects that need to be considered such as what leader qualities that the Army wants the leaders characteristics, leaders attributes and leaders core competencies. The Army has to increase the effort to develop each of the officers and ensure that it could manage most talented leaders to lead the Army in the future. There is also a need to establish The Centre for Army Leadership Development for the Malaysian Army which is currently The Malaysian Army does not have where this establishment could develop, review and refine the Leadership Development in the Malaysian Army continuously.128. With all the discussion on the External Anal ysis and how they effected the Leadership Development in the Malaysian Army and comparative analysis on Leadership Development of US and Singapore Army and their unique capabilities, and also on Internal Analysis of the Malaysian Army organization, vision, mission, roles, function, ethos and current Leadership Development Concepts, Model and Process, therefore the Strategy for Leadership Development in the Malaysian Army should be formulated based on the followingsa. Commitment by the Government to the Army.(1) The government has provided superior general Defense Policy but there is no Defense White Paper. Therefore, the government should come up with Defense White Paper to provide proper direction and guideline on the main roles and tasks of the Army as shown in the US and Singapore Army. What is happening now is the government keeps adding additional tasks on supporting and assisting the government for nation building and development.(2) In term of budget allocation, the governme nt should give sufficient budget allocation to the Army so that the training establishment could upgrade the facilities to implement Leadership Development Programs better especially for tertiary education with various fields of study to pursue the best development strategy and plan to be implemented in the Army.(3) The Government has established National Defense University to train officers and commissioned them to the Armed forces as officers. It also provides the opportunities for the Army officers to further their studies in other fields rather than war strategy and broadened their knowledge as shown by the US Army. It will also provide the Army officers the meet for higher level of education but it needs sufficient budget allocation. However, the university has to offer more courses because currently the courses offered are quite limited.(4) In term of security and stability of the country, there is a need of cooperation between the Army and other agencies such as public servi ces, NGO and underground sectors especially when dealing with internal threat to the security Therefore, the Government should coordinate these cooperation.b. Commitment by the Army.(1) Attract talented youth to joint the Army as Officers. The current situation in Malaysia now is military profession is the last resort for job seekers. Compared to US and Singapore Army, talented people would like to joint the Army because the good image and challenges provide by the organizations.(2) Well Defined Public Perception Towards Malaysian Army. The Army has to build up a good image and professional in performing their roles and tasks that will enhance a good reputation and perception from the public. The Army roles and tasks are not only protecting the country from any external aggression but also helping the nation in developing the country.(3) Uncertainty of Security Situation in the Future. The uncertainty of security situation in the future will demand the Malaysian Army officers to be well rounded and knowledgeable officers that could cope up any security situation challenges that arise. .(4) military machine Institution and Officers Facing New Challenges. Expanding Roles of the Army especially in secondary roles on non-military tasks of assisting the Government on nation building and development make the Army to do several tasks at the same time. These non-military tasks need to be addressed by the Army through its Leadership Development Programs to enhance the officers ability and capability to do these expanding roles.(5) Technical Advancement. The Future warfare will involve modern, sophisticated and advance technology that needs the Army officers keeping pace with the changes. However the technology acquired by the Army is based on the defense allocation. The Malaysian Army should include in its Leadership Development focusing on officers to enhance their knowledge and expertise in technology in keeping abreast with the latest technology to face the future wars and challenges.(6) The Trend towards Small Army with Multiple Skills and Capabilities. The Malaysian Army has reducing the strength to become small army with multiple skills and capability as what most of the armies do. These trends will need leaders that very capable to lead the Army that could fulfill the vision, mission, roles and tasks with limited personnel.(7) Intellectual Army Officers. The Army has to develop intellectual officers in its Leadership Development Program that have the ability of critical, analytical and creative thinking to cope with unpredictable situations that they are facing so that they could make quick and right decision to address the situations.(8) Multiple Skills of Army Officers. The Leadership Development should consider the requirement to enhance the knowledge, skills and experiences of the Army officers not only in military tasks but also in non-military tasks in the future that will demand different knowledge, skills and experiences to addre ss the situations.(9) Enhance the Value of Army Officers. A successful Leadership Development Programs will create a legitimate professional officer with knowledge, skills and experiences where they will be respected by the public and will enhance their value especially when they retired and they can work with prestige private sector companies.(10) Training and Education. Training is very crucial in Leadership Development in the Army especially at the beginning of officer career and should continuously developed throughout the career. These training will be imparted through courses in army training institution (career and functional courses), unit training, exercises and involvement of different types of operations. However, most of the courses conducted in the training institutions are on the military subjects. Non-military tasks have to be included also as part of the subjects in the courses offered to the officers so that they could enhance their knowledge not only on military b ut also on non-military tasks. The Leadership Development in education is imparted through tertiary education in various field offers the officers that will broaden their knowledge and skills and not just related to their respective arms and services and about warfighting.(11) Commitment by All Domains in Leadership Development. The Malaysian Army Leadership Development Domains which include training institution and education, assignments and operational experience and self-development should focus on the Leadership Development start from the basic level at their cadet school to instill the right leadership qualities and traits and throughout the officers career.(12) Joint Services integration of the Armed Forces. The leadership development in the Malaysian Army should focus on joint service integration between the Navy and the Air Force.(13) Leadership Development Model and Process. The Army should review its Leadership Development Model and Process by benchmarking of the best prac tices by other armies in order to keep pace with the changes in the security environment and its roles and tasks.STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION129. The strategy implementation will consist of Short and Long Term Plan that will be based on the findings on External Analysis of the Malaysia Army that comprises macro environment in geo-strategic security situation and political, economy, technology and government budget of Malaysia and the benchmarking of Leadership Development of the Army in other countries. The strategy also will be based on the Malaysian Army Internal Analysis in term of its organization, vision, mission, roles, function, ethos and current Leadership Development Concepts, Model and Process. The strategy needs to consider the primary roles on military tasks of the Malaysian Army and its secondary roles in non-military tasks that keep expanding which is the expectation of the public for the Army to be more involved since there is no perceive threats to the country. The plan a lso should include the need of the Armys efficiency in Leadership Development continuous improvement by reviewing and updating its Leadership Development to keep pace on the future security challenges on its doctrine, tactics, techniques, procedures and warfighting philosophy for its military tasks. In performing on its expanding non-military tasks (such as to curb smuggling activities, illegal logging, drug and human trafficking, illegal immigrants, environmental damage, trans-borders activities and search and rescue (SAR) of the civilians, etc.), there is a need for the Army for not working in silos and has to cooperate with other public services (such as the Police, the Immigrations, the Customs, the Fire Brigade, Forestry Department, National Drugs Agency,

Hurler Syndrome Disease

baton twirler Syndrome DiseaseHurlers SyndromeIn a persons body every substance is important and should present the remedy amount of itself to function properly. In this case a very r atomic number 18 inherit disease of metabolism is when a person can non break down pertinacious chains of sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans. This disease is known as Hurlers Syndrome which is part of a larger group of diseases more commonly referred to as MPS. Other names for Hurlers Syndrome are alpha-L-iduronate, Mucopolysaccharidoss Type 1, and MPS1H. Other MPS diseases are Hurler Scheie Syndrome, which is a milder feature of Hurler Syndrome, Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome, whose features are very similar to Hurler Syndrome and Sly Syndrome, whose phenotype is similar to that of Hurler Syndrome. Unfortunately, there are m any more syndromes within the MPS disease category.Hurlers Syndrome is named after Gertrud Hurler, who was the doctor that described both a boy and a upstart lady with the co ndition in 1919. Dr. Scheie was a consultant ophthalmologist and in 1962 he wrote about some of his patients who were less severely affected than those previously diagnosed by Dr. Hurler. Those patients who could not be clearly diagnosed as either the severe or milder end of the disease were said to entertain Hurler Scheie Syndrome.When you have got Hurlers Syndrome, your body does not tell on a substance called lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase. This means that a person without lysosomal alpha-L-iduronidase cannot break down long chains of sugar molecules which are used in the building of link tissues in the body. The sugar molecules are usually found in mucus and in fluid around a persons joints.There is a continuous march in the body of replacing used materials and breaking them down for disposal. What does break down long chains of sugar molecules is a substance called alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme. This is essential in cutting up the mucopolysaccharides called dermatan and hepari n sulphate. The incompletely broken down mucopolysaccharides remain stored in carrels in the body causing progressive damage. A result of not having the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme is that glycosaminoglycans will build up and damage a persons heart and variety meat. Symptoms of this disease can be mild or very severe.Hurlers Syndrome is a disease inherited from both parents which means that both parents have to pass the gene to their child in order for the child to have the disease and any child of any race can have it. When a child is born you cannot really tell that they have the disease because they appear healthy at birth. Babies may maneuver little sign of the disease, but as more and more cells become damaged, symptoms start to appear. Most of the symptoms are thick coarse facial features with low penniless bridge, halted growth, progressive mental retardation, cloudy corneas, deafness, joint disease including stiffness, heart valve problems, abnormal bones in the spine, ch ronic runny nose, hernia, speech problems, hyper activity, depression, pain, and clawed hands. Most plenty do not notice the facial symptoms until the child is at the age of two. To tell if a person has Hurlers Syndrome, doctors usually do a simple body of water test. The test would show extra mucopolysaccharides, but doctors would not be able to tell what form of MPS that the person has. Thus, Hurlers Syndrome is not diagnosed until many other conditions have been looked into and after which more specific tests have been performed. This is usually done when the child is about six to twenty-four months of age.To treat Hurlers Syndrome, a person would have to have enzyme replacement surgery which helps the body make alpha-L-iduronidase or have a bone marrow transplant to prevent retardation and that only improves some of the symptoms and should be done at a very young age. Scientists state that it is better for a child with the disease to have this surgery at a young age because th ey will have a better chance of living longer. A person can also have a stem cell transplant surgery and if this surgery is successful many symptoms of the disease are stopped. Seventy-five percent of those whose transplants are from siblings or other close family members have a higher rate of survival than those whose donors are not as closely matched. Many children with a heart disease caused by Hurlers Syndrome cannot have these surgeries due to the incident that their heart is not strong enough to help recover after any surgery. Any other treatments that can treat Hurlers Syndrome depend on the organs which are all infected. For those children whose diagnosis came too late in the progression of the disease to be eligible for transplant, there is still some hope in a newly approved enzyme replacement therapy.Young children with Hurlers Syndrome usually end up with nervous system problems and will have the chance of dying at a young age. Experts say that couples with the history of Hurlers Syndrome in their family or any other disease should be tested before they think about having children of their own. right away there is no actual cure for Hurlers Syndrome, but the MPS society is working very hard to find a cure for it. About 1 in 160 people are carriers, which result in about a 1 in 25,000 chance of two carriers meeting. Since this disease is so rarefied the chance of having a partner who is another carrier is very slight provided their partner is not a cousin or other close family member. Since Hurlers Syndrome is a recessive gene there are only 1 in 4 chances that a child will suffer this disease if their parents are carriers. In this case 1 out of 100,000 children are affected with this rare disease. The unaffected children have a 2 in 3 chance of being carriers corresponding their parents, and a 1 in 3 chance of being a normal non-carrier.The oldest survivor of Hurlers Syndrome is currently in his early twenties and is standing strong, however, ar ound people affected with this disease do not live past the age of twelve.

The African American Struggle From Slavery

The African American Struggle From Sla reallyA long and favored mantra of the African American community has been that which doesnt destroy you tends only to makes you stronger. use these as bywords, the struggle to survive and prosper in the fall in States has not always been an easy road traveled by African Americans . From surviving the shopping mall Passage, to the auction blocks, to life on the plantations, to the Emancipation Proclamation and on to the Great Migration of blacks from the south to northern cities, life has always been one of definite hard embarks. Religion, faith in a loving and forgiving God and a belief that there had to be a better way helped the African American ever precedent moving and strong.Although the concept of slavery was not new to Africans, there were a number of differences in the enslavement in ones own country and the enslavement in one so foreign. In Africa, for example, slaves became adopted members of the kinship group that enslaved them. Often, they married into a lineage, make up into high ranks of nine. Slaves could also move up in society and out of the slave role. Also, the children of slaves were not presumed to be born into slavery.The beginning of slave trade began as early as the 1500s and was a profitable business to some(prenominal) sides , African and European. As time wore on, Europeans necessitate much and more slaves. The African tribesmen who had once been in favor of such trade, no longer wished to continue. Thus began the capturing of the needed slaves. Those Africans who resisted dealing in human cargo themselves became the victims of bloody slave trade. (Cayton, 2003)As it was for all slaves, the Middle Passage was a long, arduous nightmare. The slaves were branded with hot manacles and restrained with shackles. Their living quarters was often a deck within the ship that had less than five feet of headroom and throughout a large grant of the deck, sleeping shelves cut this limited amount o f headroom in half. Lack of standing headroom was the least of the slaves problems, though. With 300 to 400 good deal packed in a tiny area an area with little ventilation and, in some cases, not even enough space to place buckets for human devour disease was prevalent(Africans in America/Part 1/The Middle Passage). Faced with the nightmarish conditions of the voyage and the unk at presentn future that lay beyond, many Africans preferred to die. merely even the choice of suicide was taken away from these persons. A slave who tried to starve him or herself was tortured. If torture didnt work, the slave was force fed (Cayton, 2003). condescension the captains desire to keep as many slaves as possible alive, Middle Passage mortality rates were high. Although its difficult to determine how many Africans died en path to the new world, it is now believed that between ten and twenty percent of those transported lost their lives. (www.essortment.com)Most contemporary historians estima te that between 9.4 and 12 million Africans arrived in the sweet World. Disease and starvation due to the length of the passage were the main contributors to the death toll with amoebic dysentery and scurvy causing the majority of deaths. Additionally, outbreaks of smallpox, syphilis, malaria, measles, and other diseases spread quick in the close-quarter compartments. The number of dead increased with the length of voyage, since the incidence of dysentery and of scurvy increased with longer stints at sea as the quality and amount of pabulum and water diminished with every passing day. In addition to physical sickness, many slaves became too depressed to eat or function efficiently because of the going away of freedom, family, security, and their own humanity.(Library think quest) Still, the majority of the captives survived and were soon headed for the auction blocks in America.Once in the Americas, slaves were sold, by auction, to the person that bid the most money for them. It was here that family members would scrape up themselves split up, as a bidder may not want to buy the whole family, only the strongest, healthiest member.When the slave ship docked, the slaves would be taken off the ship and placed in a pen like this one. There they would be washed and their skin c everyplaceed with grease, or sometimes tar, to make them look more healthy. This was done so that they would fetch as much money as possible. They would also be branded with a hot iron to identify them as slaves. The slaves would be brought from the pen, in turn, to stand on a raised curriculum so that they could be seen by the buyers. Before the bidding began, those that wished to, could come up onto the platform to inspect the slaves closely. The slaves had to endure being poked, prodded and forced to open their mouths for the buyers. The auctioneer would decide a price to start the bidding. This would be higher for fit, young slaves and lower for older, very young or sickly slaves ( Davidson, 2008). Potential buyers would then bid once morest each other. The person who bid the most would then own that slave. The picture below shows a slave being auctioned to the highest bidder. The slave auction was a terrible ordeal for the slaves, they did not understand the language and had no idea what was happening (historyonthenet.com).Most owners axiom slaves as property that performed labor for their businesses. As the demand for slaves rose, so did their value. later on the importation of slaves ended, owners began buying additional slaves from owners in the upper South (Cayton, et al, p288). This development started the dissipation of many slave families. The slaves unable to live and work under such harsh and dehumanized conditions, started to steal away, and rebel. The institution of slavery had such a stronghold on the economy of America that it would prevail for a number of long time.The most important thing to be said about slavery from the perspective of the enslaved is that millions of African Americans endured slavery by making a world for themselves in the midst of their bondage. At the foundation of this enslaved culture stood the black family. Slaveholders did this for simple economic reasons and to make it easier to fake the slaves. Whatever the reasons, slaves took advantage of the opportunity to use the family environment as a refuge and as a source of cultural endurance. Enslaved children learned family history from their parents by the stories told to them while they worked along side their mothers in the fields or at night in the slave cabins. Among the survival skills taught them were proper work habits, remark for elders, fear for a spiritual world, and how to deal with whites by putting on the Massa. In this way, black parents showed their children how to cope with slavery by fooling the master without losing ones self respect (www.slaveryinamerica.org.).In addition to relying on the strength of family networks, the ensl aved turned to religion as a means of coping with slavery. During the colonial era, most enslaved Africans retained as beat out they could their indigenous African religions or Islam in the cases of those who had come from Muslim countries. It was not until the mid-eighteenth century that large numbers of Africans began converting to Christianity during the religious revival movement that swept over the English colonies. During this Great Awakening, English Methodists and Baptists (later) preached an evangelical style of Christianity that appealed to the emotions and offered salvation to all who emb ranged Christ regardless of ones class or race. This new emotional religion mix nicely with African spiritual beliefs and religious practices. Its emphasis on singing, emotional fervor, spiritual rebirth, and total body immersion in water during baptism was especially charismatic to enslaved blacks (http//www.slaveryinamerica.org/history/hs_es_overview). But, the country was not at re st. Religious reforms, the anti-slavery movement and the civil war were all in progress at this time. Although very few chose not understand why the slaves wanted their freedom, several citizens did not understand the separation of the institution based on religion and religious reform(Cayton et al.)Starting in 1861, states of the northmost clashed with states of the South in a brutal conflict that Americans called the Civil War. The causes of the Civil War were many and complex. Many white Northerners believed that slavery violated the basic principles of twain the United States and the Christian religion, and believed that slavery was an evil that could not be tolerated. The first shots fired in 1861 signaled the start of the nations Civil War and lasted for four years. Slaves were used involuntarily for labor by the Confederates. Freed African Americans were employed to build forts, drive wagons and perform noncombat jobs. Black volunteers were not allowed to join the Union arm y, however in 1862 Congress authorise Lincoln to accept African Americans into the military. Several months later, Lincoln made the announcement in the Emancipation Proclamation. Given this encouragement, closely 185,000 African Americans had enlisted in the Union Army. For these soldiers, chip to help free others who were still enslaved had special meaning(Cayton, p.397). From 1861 to 1865 an estimated 620,000 soldiers were killed, of which more than 38,000 were African American. The wounds of war, both physically and psychologically were not easily healed, and carried on into the twentieth century(Goldfarb, S).Nearly 240 years were to have passed before the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution officially ended slavery in 1865. This means that 12 generations of blacks survived and lived in America as enslaved people- fearsomect descendants of the nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans imported into North America by European traders. Some of the 180,000 African Americans who fought for their freedom as Union soldiers in the American Civil War could property their families to the time of the Pilgrims. Still this was not enough to be treated as citizen of the United States, or as a human being in general. Discrimination, education, right to vote rights and civil rights were to be the next items sought in the struggle to survive and prosper. The war for the African American waged on.For many African Americans the surge of joy at gaining freedom quickly faded as they realized how many obstacles stood between them and true equality. Defeat in war had not changed the fact that white people still dominated southern society, and the white leaders of those governments quickly passed laws to restrict African Americans new found freedoms. These laws were known as black codes. These laws established again a virtual slavery. Curfews, vagrancy laws, labor contracts and land restrictions all but placed African Americans back into slavery. The ratification of the Fou rteenth Amendment did little to help. The Fifteenth Amendment insured no person may be denied the right to vote and for the first time in history, African Americans had political power in 1870. More than 600 African Americans were choose to state legislatures. While this was all well and good, it did little for the little man not in government. The demand for a fair chance in the race of life was echoed by freedmen across the South. This fair chance meant land. Give us our own land and we can take care of ourselves, but without land, our old master can hire us or starve us as they please(Cayton, 2003). Planters had land, but no labor. Freedmen had labor, but no land. Out of these needs came sharecropping, tenant farming, and some other way of being entrapped. However, a stronger people prevailed. African Americans have to this point survived the Middle Passage, life on the plantation, civil war, the black codes, sharecropping and tenant farming. They have survived beatings, burnin gs and even the Ku Klux Klan and World War I only to still be treated as a second class citizen. Down trodden, but not dead, African American moves on. Ever faithful, ever strong, ever seeking a better way or better day, to the land of milk and honey they go. Its migrating time-The Great Migration.After the war immigration from Europe virtually stopped, and the armed forces had taken many young men out of the labor pool. Businesses suddenly needed workers. Factory owners who had previously discriminated against African Americans now actively recruited them.The African American who had left the South to look for work in northern factories added to the steady stream of migrants had turned into a flood. Some 500,000 African Americans joined what came to be called the Great Migration(Davidson, et al, 2008). The dramatic exodus of African Americans from countryside to city and from South to North during World War I and the ten that followed changed forever black Americas economic, poli tical, social, and cultural lives. The Great Migration was, up to that point, the largest voluntary internal movement of black people ever seen. There were several factors that drew African Americans out of the South and into cities throughout the nation. Poverty, the lack of educational facilities for the children, rigid separatism and discrimination, and limited opportunities were all among the reasons that led some to look North. Besides a dire economic situation, Southerners, as they had done during the Great Migration, were also fleeing Jim Crow. With little hope of redress in the justice system, African Americans were at the mercy of abusive employers, landlords, and roughly anyone bent on depriving them of their rights. Notwithstanding the Fifteenth Amendment (1870), which guaranteed them the right to vote, the vast majority were effectively disenfranchised by restrictive rules that applied only to them. Rigid segregation in public spaces signaled by the constant presence o f Whites Only and Colored signs on water fountains, restroom doors, hospital wards, transportation, and housing was a constant abjection and a reminder that blacks were second-class citizens. Compared to the South, the North, although segregated in practice if not by law, appeared appealing (www.inmotionaame.org).The journey for equality for the African American citizen in the United States continue, great strides have been made. African Americans are once again in the political arena. We are entitled to fair and equal housing , education and employment. We now have an African American president.The struggle has been long, arduous, and steeped with many hills to climb. In keeping to the mantra by which many African Americans live it has been proven that which does not destroy us tends to make us stronger prevails.

Wide Sargasso Sea and The Color Purple Essay examples -- essays resear

Problems, along with misery, become apart of life whether youre willing to accept it or not. For those who befuddle accepted such troubles, have also learned to cope with it one way or another. Antoinettes character in Wide Sargasso ocean and Celies character in The Color Purple have both experienced problems with depression, loneliness, violence, inferiority, racism, and self-identity. It is important for such characters as Antoinette and Celie to express their emotions and have a system of working out there issues. In the novel Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys, the character Antoinette is left mainly to her own lighten will as a child with no friends and relied on herself to find out that there is a world that can be both calm and horrifying. In the first part of the novel, we witness Antoinettes childhood memories. She remembers the racial tensions and disapproval of white Jamaican women because they were not like real white mass, wearing French Caribbean fashions. The white p eople also feared revenge of the ex- slow slaves who follow Antoinette and called her white cockroach. Accepted by neither white nor black society, Antoinette feels great shame and left out. Having witnessed her home burnt down by the ex-slaves, the death of her brother Pierre, and her mother falling ill and mad, Antoinette had to go through it alone and begins to talk to herself for comfort. Being rejected by her mother and every...

Dumping Subsidy and Trade Disputes Essay -- Economy Economics Essays

Dumping Subsidy and deal out DisputesToo many questions have been asked if dumping implies unfair trade practices. Recently, disputes over dumping make it unwieldy to decide whether or not we should allow this activity to enter our country. Many of us are equally familiar that more foreign imports mean more jobs are being destroyed in American industries. Because of this particular reason, WTO and GATT members have worked together to see if there is a relationship between dumping and partial trades. In their study, some have discovered that dumping benefits the economy and helps increase competitions among various industries in the U.S. However, there were also some others who took the opposite side by arguing that dumping is an unreasonable practice of trade and may American economy in the future. If dumping really affects trade and costs jobs in the US, indeed what are the measures needed to prevent this practice and help maintain fair trade in the global economy.In Section 7 71(34) of the Act (19 U.S.C 1677(34)) dumping is be as the sale or likely sale of goods at less than fair value (Beckman, Discrimination and DumpingWeb page). To simply put, dumping is the exchange of a product in the United States at a price which is lower than the price for which it is sold in the home market after adjustments for differences in the merchandise, the quantities purchased, and circumstances of sale. For example, Japanese exports of digital cameras into the U.S at lower prices than at its home country if this practice can be justified then Japan is culpable of dumping. But the question that we are concern here is whether Japanese dumping provides any benefits to our economy.According to Professor capital of Minnesota Krugman from Princeton... ...ct that dumping hurts the economy as a whole and its subsidy is an unfair practice, and must be removed or prohibited from this global economy.Works CitedA. Irwin, Douglas. Free Trade under Fire. (2002).R. Kruman, Paul et Obstfeld, Maurice. International Economics Theory and Policy. (1991).P. Stewart, Terence et S. Dwyer, Amy. WTO ANTIDUMPING AND SUBSIDY AGREEMENTS. (1998).Marceau, Gabrielle. Anti-Dumping and Anti-Trust Issues In Free Trade Areas. (1994).H. Jackson, John et A. Vermulst, Edwin. Anti-dumping Law and Practice. A Comparative Study. (1989).Global Trade Negotiation. Anti-Dumping. Oct, 20th 2004. http//www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade/issues/antidumping.html.Beckman, Steve. Discrimination and dumping Oct 20th 2004. http//econ.cudenver.edu/beckman/.