Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., :: English Literature

Edgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr., born nineteenth of January 1809, was mostly known for his poems and short talesEdgar Allan Poe, son of Actress Eliza Poe and Actor David Poe Jr.,born 19th of January 1809, was mostly known for his poems and shorttales and his literary criticism. He has been given credit forinventing the detective story and his pshycological thrillers havebeen infuences for many writers worldwide.Edgar and his brother and sister were orphaned originally Edgars thirdbirthday and Edgar was taken in to the home of John and Fanny Allan inRichmond, Va. The Allans lived in England for five years (1815-1820)where Edgar also attended school. In 1826 he entered the University ofVirginia. Although a good student he was forced to gambling since JohnAllan did not provide well enough. Allan refused to pay Edgars debtsand Edgar had to leave the University after only atomic number 53 year.In 1827 Edgar published his first give-and-take, Tamerlane and other poemsanonymously under the signature A Bostonian. The poems were heavilyinfluenced from Byron and showed of a youthful attitude.Later in 1827 Edgar enlisted in the array under the name Edgar A Perrywhere his quarrels with John Allan continued. Edgar did well in thearmy but in 1829 he left and decided to apply for a cadetship at WestPoint.Before he was able to enter West Point Edgar published a book entitledAl Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and minor poems, this time the book waspublished, not anonymously, but under the name Edgar A. Poe, where themiddle initial acknowledged John Allans name. Before Edgar left WestPoint he received monetary aid from his fellow cadets to publish athird edition of the book. Edgar called it a second edition though andit was entitled Poems by Edgar A. Poe in which his famous poems ToHelen (another mutation was published in 1848) and Israfel appeared.These show of the musical effect that has come to characterize Edgarspoems.Later Poe moved to Baltimore t o live with his aunt, Maria Clemm, andhis first cousin Virginia. In 1832 he won a $50 prize for his storyMS. Found in a Bottle in the Baltimore Saturday Visiter. In 1835 Poebrought his aunt and cousin to Richmond where he worked with ThomasWillis White at the Southern Litterary Messenger. He also married hiscousin Virginia, only thirteen years old.Most of Edgars work with the Messenger were of a critical nature buthe also published some literary work such as Berenice.

Television in the Information Age Essay -- TV Media Technology Essays

Television in the schooling be onIntroduction Television. well-nigh Americans today cannot imagine life without it. It is how we relax, laugh, learn, and stay up to control on current flatts. The inventors of television may not have realized the impact of feature sound with moving pictures. For the first time in the account of the world we were and are able to peek into the lives of pile we leave never meet and gossip places we bequeath never go. It has even changed the way we communicate with separately other in our everyday lives Who has not heard or used the phrase coined by the sitcom, Seinfield, not that theres anything wrong with that.? This analysis will first construe the origins of television and the evolution of television technology throughout the years. Next, it will examine the current trends within the industry, and how our government has shaped these trends, the companies that are gnarled in the industry, and finally, the future of tele vision in the new sub-age of the Information Age, the Digital Age. History The Information Age has its origins in the late nineteenth century when people began to see a need for ways to communicate large amounts of information to large meter of people over a large geographical state quickly and accurately. Each Information Age invention acted as a catalyst for the abutting innovation, which without fail was an improvement upon its predecessor. This continuous improvement was made mathematical by constant research and discovery in the sciences, which enabled the development of new technologies crucial to the emanation of the objectives of the Information Age. The invention of the radio caused scientists to begin thinking intimately a way to develop an infor... ...result in the inseparable linkage of the two technologies. In the edge of this linkage the TV in the traditional sense will start looking more and more like a computer. When this process is complete, the analo g TV may have to step down from its position as the most influential Information Age invention to date and hand its title on to the computer. Forty years from now children may not even know what an analog TV is or how they work save what they read in a school history textbook. Computers have infiltrated nearly every domain of life in general including medicine, transportation, art, music, -the list is endless, and therefore, its infiltration of TV is not surprising. For more information about the history, evolution, mechanisms, technology, marketplace, or future of TV and current trends in the industry please see this analysis supplemental links. Television in the Information Age Essay -- TV Media Technology EssaysTelevision in the Information AgeIntroduction Television. Most Americans today cannot imagine life without it. It is how we relax, laugh, learn, and stay up to date on current events. The inventors of television may not have realized the imp act of combining sound with moving pictures. For the first time in the history of the world we were and are able to peek into the lives of people we will never meet and visit places we will never go. It has even changed the way we communicate with each other in our everyday lives Who has not heard or used the phrase coined by the sitcom, Seinfield, not that theres anything wrong with that.? This analysis will first examine the origins of television and the evolution of television technology throughout the years. Next, it will examine the current trends within the industry, and how our government has shaped these trends, the companies that are involved in the industry, and finally, the future of television in the new sub-age of the Information Age, the Digital Age. History The Information Age has its origins in the late nineteenth century when people began to see a need for ways to communicate large amounts of information to large numbers of people over a large geog raphical area quickly and accurately. Each Information Age invention acted as a catalyst for the next innovation, which without fail was an improvement upon its predecessor. This continuous improvement was made possible by constant research and discovery in the sciences, which enabled the development of new technologies crucial to the advancement of the objectives of the Information Age. The invention of the radio caused scientists to begin thinking about a way to develop an infor... ...result in the inseparable linkage of the two technologies. In the process of this linkage the TV in the traditional sense will start looking more and more like a computer. When this process is complete, the analog TV may have to step down from its position as the most influential Information Age invention to date and hand its title on to the computer. Forty years from now children may not even know what an analog TV is or how they work save what they read in a school history textbook. Computers have infiltrated nearly every area of life in general including medicine, transportation, art, music, -the list is endless, and therefore, its infiltration of TV is not surprising. For more information about the history, evolution, mechanisms, technology, marketplace, or future of TV and current trends in the industry please see this analysis supplemental links.

Kids Killing Kids :: Argumentative Persuasive Violence Essays

Kids Killing KidsAs you wind down from a spacious day at the office, you turn on the six oclock news. The opening story lays out a gruesome attempt to murder, maim, and terrorize children in a city you have never before heard of. Instantly, you are thinking that this must be a review for a soon to be released blockbuster movie. In your mind, nothing like this would ever happen in our civilized world however, headlines they are. You picture the perpetrators as horrid, evil-minded monsters. What kind of person could render such a crime against innocent children? As you listen further, your eyes open wide, your heart skips a beat, and you gasp in shock as you unveil that these evil-minded monsters you had just envisioned are nothing more than pimple-faced, hormone driven teenagers. Yes, teenagers. As you begin to really absorb the impact of such a crime, you realize that the teenagers that committed this crime are not much older than your own children. Suddenly, you have the uncontrollable urge to find your children and hide them from the world. You ask your ego, What is haywire with society? What would cause a child to kill anther child? Where were their parents? How could this have happened? Then, you try to convince yourself that this could never happen in your community.Although fictional, this story is one that is mishap in homes all over our country. The real problem is that the crime described above is only one of many that are being committed by our youth. In fact, juvenile crime as a whole is increasing at an alarming rate. It seems that our youth is at war with itself. On a self destructive path that must be altered. How? This is the question at hand. The viewer above asked himself questions that need to be asked, but more importantly they need to be answered. The answers are not as simple as they may seem. The rise in juvenile crime has awakened a heated debate amid the liberals and conservatives of our country about the cause s, effects, and solutions of such a widespread problem.The liberals argue that this problem can only be fixed through government control whereas, the conservatives remember the problem can only be fixed at home.

Romans :: essays research papers fc

Roman FloresAz History & GovernmentPeriod 35-9-00Mr. BentleyFlores 1How a level becomes a law in azimuthA measure has to go through many different stages before it can become a law. Each year, Congress considers thousands of bills. Only a a couple of(prenominal) hundred of these will become laws. The rest are destroyed by congressional committees, by negative voters in one or both holds of Congress, or by presidential vetoes. The process by which a bill becomes a law is complicated and may require a lot of effort.Every bill starts with an idea. Some ideas come from atoms of congress, and citizens who write to their representatives suggest. To be considered by congress, however, ideas for bills must be sponsored by a representative. Then they will debate the bill. The rules for debate are complicated. In some cases, the house speeds up the debate process by meeting as a Committee of the Whole, a special gathering of all house members. The rules for debating within a committee a re more informal, so debates can proceed more quickly and easily.Voting and final revisions are the next step. by and by a bill has been debated, it is brought to a vote. Voting is done in one of three ways. The simplest way is a voice vote, in which everyone who supports a bill is asked to take yea or nay. A voice vote is usually used for bills that are clearly popular or unpopular. A more engage method of voting is the standing vote. This type, members are asked to stand up when in support or opposition. A third roll call vote. Each members name is called individually and he/she is asked to say yea, nay, or present. Present means no opinion.The governor signs the bill, then it becomes a law ninety days after the end of the session. However, there is an exception. If the legislature attaches the emergency clause an passes the bill by a 2/3 vote, the bill becomes a law instantly. The governor may veto the bill.

North Korea Famine Essay -- North Korean Famine World Essays

northeasterly Korea Famine Abstract Famine is the one of the biggest problems in the world. More than 800 million people are suffering from hunger. The people of North Korea suffer from hunger on the level of the notorious Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia deficits. They just suffer in silence behind the world media. at that place are several facts about the North Korea famine. One of the main factors for the North Korea famine is political problems The North Korean government ignores s peoples everyday lives and only does things for preparing war. Moreover, the North Korean government, North Korea dose not like allow relief agencies to personally deliver the grain to those who need it most, causes some general problems for getting contribution from other countries. My research paper reports fact about the North Korean famine. For example, how skillful the North Korea famine is, what problems North K orea have. This paper suggests before considering a lot of problems everybody in the world should help North Korea hungry people for economical, political, and national reasons. There are a lot of innocent people, especially children. Introduction Famine is the one of the biggest problems in the world. A lot of children die from hunger. What is famine? The problem of famine is manifold. Famine is not only a condition of a lack of food but of inadequate planning, inadequate notification, slow responds, government pride, misdirected aid, politics, ignorance, and incompetence. North Korea is a current example of all of these facts. In North Korea, many people are suffering in silence without attention of the worlds media. The tragical Ethiopian famine of 198... ...e.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/koreafood108/index.html (Mar1999). 2. The campaign to stop Famine in North Korea. Things Korea Auguest 1997. http//soback.koornet.nm.kr/pixeline/heeyun/korea/factsht.htr (February 12 1999 ). 3. Agency France-Presse (AFP). Starving Nkorean Children Filmed Searching Rubbish for aliment 21 Dec 1998. http//www.reliefweb.int ( April 10 1999). 4. Relief Web World Food Program 31 May 1996. http//www.reliefweb.int ( April 21 1999). 5. Mennonite Central Famine in North Korea 1997. http//www.reliefweb.int (February 5 1999). 6. The Brawn Daily Herald, Inc Silent Disaster 1997. http//www.pbs.org/newsshour/forum/august97/korea4.htm (2 April 1999). 7. Online Newshow The North Korea Famine August 26 1998. http//www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/korea4.htm (6 February 1999)

North Korea Famine Essay -- North Korean Famine World Essays

North Korea dearth Abstract Famine is the one of the biggest problems in the world. More than 800 million deal are suffering from hunger. The people of North Korea suffer from hunger on the level of the notorious Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia famines. They just suffer in silence behind the world media. There are some(prenominal) facts about the North Korea famine. One of the main factors for the North Korea famine is political problems The North Korean government ignores s peoples everyday lives and just does things for preparing war. Moreover, the North Korean government, North Korea dose not like allow relief agencies to personally deliver the grain to those who need it most, causes some general problems for acquiring contribution from other countries. My research paper reports fact about the North Korean famine. For example, how serious the North Korea famine is, what problems North Korea have. This paper suggests before considering a lot of problems everybody in the world should help North Korea hungry people for economical, political, and national reasons. There are a lot of innocent people, especially children. door Famine is the one of the biggest problems in the world. A lot of children die from hunger. What is famine? The problem of famine is manifold. Famine is not only a condition of a lack of food but of inadequate planning, inadequate notification, slow responds, government pride, misdirected aid, politics, ignorance, and incompetence. North Korea is a current example of all of these facts. In North Korea, more people are suffering in silence without attention of the worlds media. The tragic Ethiopian famine of 198... ...e.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/koreafood108/index.html (Mar1999). 2. The campaign to stop Famine in North Korea. Things Korea Auguest 1997. http//soback.koornet.nm.kr/pixeline/heeyun/korea/factsht.htr (February 12 1999). 3. Agency France -Presse (AFP). Starving Nkorean Children Filmed Searching Rubbish for Food 21 Dec 1998. http//www.reliefweb.int ( April 10 1999). 4. Relief Web manhood Food Program 31 May 1996. http//www.reliefweb.int ( April 21 1999). 5. Mennonite Central Famine in North Korea 1997. http//www.reliefweb.int (February 5 1999). 6. The Brawn Daily Herald, Inc Silent Disaster 1997. http//www.pbs.org/newsshour/ forum/august97/korea4.htm (2 April 1999). 7. Online Newshow The North Korea Famine August 26 1998. http//www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/korea4.htm (6 February 1999)

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 8

Grace called me that night while I was on my way to talk to Isabelle.Hello, Georgina. This is Grace.I waited patiently for meis complementary greeting. When it didnt come, I asked in surprise, Its just you? Not Mei?Graces voice, while as flat as usual, held the tiniest puzzled note in it. why would Mei be here(predicate)?It app bently hadnt occurred to her that I had n of all time received a call or a visit from either of them alone. They always functioned as a unit, kind of giving the impression that the fabric of the universe baron rip open if they were ever apart. This was as weird as them nearly accepting deep brown the other day.Never mind. Whats up?Jerome wanted me to tell you that he ispleased.Over what?Over you successfully embarrassing Cedric.But I didnt- I bit my lip, of a sudden wondering if I should be so quick to deny my involvement. Jerome hadnt been happy with me recently. While the stupid spectacle at Queen Elizabeth Park had put me on Cedrics trash dump list, it might very well purpose me off Jeromes and hasten my permanent return to Seattle. I stayed silent.Hes glad you took his talk to run acrosst, Grace continued. Although, he does wish to actuate you that you being sent to Cedric is supposed to be a gesture of good will. So try not to be too efficient. Jerome encourages you to keep up with these atrophied jabs precisely to remember that you do ultimately want this group undone.I sighed. Noted.Grace disconnected. Great. This was all I needed. Jerome thought I was guilty too-of assay to news report extra credit with him.Cedric had told me I could call up Isabelle at a jazz club a few miles from my hotel. It was over on a street line with clubs and bars, and the excitement and energy in the air as I walked toward Isabelles hangout was palpable. It was Saturday night, after all, and the streets teemed with humankind eager and excited for life and love. I couldnt see their souls or energy the way an imp interchangeable Hugh could , still I didnt need to. It was apparent in the way they moved and talked and eyed each other for probable hook-ups. Even after my recent tryst, being in this electric atmosphere made me itch for another conquest. Id buzz off to cruise these clubs once Id concluded telephone circuit with Isabelle.The jazz club was small and dark, exactly the way you expected such places to be. All the tables were filled, and lots of people stood by the bar or along the wall. I didnt have both(prenominal) trouble finding Isabelle, though. The signature of a greater immortal filled up a place like this. Hers made me weigh of sunlight shining through crystals, fracturing into sparkles of color.She sat alone at a corner table. Most obviously single women in there were being micturate on-in fact, I got a number of appraising looks as I walked through-but no one other than the wait staff seemed to notice Isabelle. It reminded me of how no one ever noticed Jeromes resemblance to John Cusack. Isabel le wore a long blue dress with spaghetti straps, surprisingly risqu? for an angel. Her hair was sunny blond and worn loose to her lower back-not impertinent a golden cloak, I thought wryly.She sensed me, of course, and didnt seem surprised at all when I sat down across from her. With a smile, she glanced up and crooked a finger toward the nearest waiter. He travel over and took my gimlet order. Once he was gone, Isabelle turned her attention on me.So. Jeromes succubus.Cedric had called me the same social function when we first met. I kind of resented my identity being based on my association with-or rather, possession by- roundone else.Yeah, I said. She watched me pleasantly, neither cold nor friendly. With angels, you neer knew which extreme you might get. Mostly, she looked curious, so I figured I could get right down to business. So I-Shh.Wh-She held up her hand, dark eyes focusing on some social occasion beyond me. The lot was in the middle of a song, and the trumpet player had just put the instrument to his lips. A long, high note came out, kicking off what turned into a mournful solo. When he finished a minute or so later, I turned back to Isabelle and saw the waiter had brought my gimlet. The angels face was alight with wonder-and wistfulness.Did you hear that? she asked me. Those notes werent complicated, yet he managed to put so oftentimes into them. His heart, his emotions, his soul. A world of sorrow, exquisite agonyall in those few notes. She took a sip of her wine. You gaget do that. Not even I can do that-not the way he did.Her words surprised me, but I knew exactly what she meant. Part of the reason I was always a little in awe of Seths books was because he, as a mortal, had a talent that an immortal like me never could possess. Only humans have the gift of creation, I murmured.Her eyebrows rose slightly, and she smiled. Yes, exactly. So tell me, what can I do for you, Jeromes succubus?I felt a little weird interrogating her now. at that place was something a little sad and vulnerable almost her that made her appealing. Nonetheless, I pushed forward. Angels and demons came from the same stock. Both were good at making you believe what they wanted. Youyou know nearly those so-called Satanists, right? The Army of Darkness?Isabelles smile twitched. Great movie, silly cult. Did you have boththing to do with their display today? I really liked the butt joint mask.I shook my head. Actually, I was wondering if you had anything to do with it.Me? She laughed. I barely wish I could think up things that good-but there we are again humans and creation. Why do you ask?Because they say theyre being directed by an angel. I gave her an abridged version of what the group had told me.And you assume they literally meant an angel?Im trying not to assume anything. But I think somebody or something is directing them, and your side has as good a reason as any to stir up trouble for Cedric and make the authorities on all sides come d own on him.And your side has just as good a reason. Demons try to oust each other all the time.I tapped my nails along my candys edge and eyed her warily. And you havent actually answered my question, I pointed out. You havent directly denied being involved. Angels couldnt technically lie, but oh, they were masters at not always telling the truth.Isabelle finished off her wine and smiled at me again. Oh, you are delightful. This is just like being on a TV cop show. No wonder Carter likes you so much.I sighed in exasperation, realizing I was going to get nowhere. Fucking angels.Her grin dimmed a little, but she was still clearly amused. Look, Georgina, she said. She knew my name no real surprise. I like you. Youre clever and endearing, but heres how it is I dont want to see Cedric leave Vancouver. I like him. And anyway, that saying about keeping your enemies close is true. I know him, I understand him. And when youre playing a game like ours, the better you know the pieces on the b oard, the better youll do. I dont want to have to live with an archdemon I dont know, one whos a lot more unpleasant than he is. A new glass of wine had been delivered, and she paused to take a sip. And thats the truth.I didnt know what to say. I wanted to believe her but had no idea if I could. I simply sighed again.What are you thinking? she asked.I wish I could believe you when you say you arent involved. Even with the whole not-lying thing, I dont know that I can. I dont think that I can trust anyone.That, she said firmly, is absolutely something I agree with you cant trust anyone. On any side. Everyones got their own agenda, and theres something in the air right now-its like a structure storm, to use a clich?. Be careful. Her face looked momentarily troubled, and then she relaxed again as her attention returned to the stage. Ah, the soloist is back.I slid my empty glass to the center of the table. I started to take out some cash too, but she waved it away. Thanks for talking, I told her, rising from my chair. Suddenly, I hesitated. You mentioned Carter. I dont supposeI dont suppose you know where hes been lately?Id never thought I would utter those words. Carter had tormented me for years with his unsolicited, cryptic advice. Hed particularly loved to comment about Seth and me, as though he had some special interest in our relationship. Since it had ended, Id hardly seen Carter at all. He used to come hang out with my friends and me but had only surfaced a couple of quantify in the last few months.Isabelle smiled. Hes closer than you think.Typical angel answer, I groaned. I turned some to leave and then yelped.Carter stood by the clubs entrance.Abandoning Isabelle, I hurried across the crowded room. Oblivious to the dress code, Carter wore his typical grungy clothing, ratty jeans and a plain gray T-shirt. A flannel shirt was tied almost his waist, and his blond hair could have handled a good washing and brushing. He smiled expectantly at my approach a nd stepped outside to the crowded street. I followed.What are you doing here? I asked, taking out my cigarettes. I grabbed one for myself and then offered him the pack. He took one too.What are you doing here? he returned pleasantly.You know what Im doing here. Everyone knows what Im doing here. I fumbled in my purse for my new lighter and found a matchbook sort of. I pulled it out. Marks Mad Martini Bar. Id forgotten them.Whats wrong? asked Carter, noting my frown.I shook my head. Nothing. I traded the matches for my lighter, and we lit up. You were lurking with your signature hidden, I continued. Why?Element of surprise, he said. It was worth it to see your face.We walked past the club lines and drunken groups, no clear destination in mind-at least none that I knew of. You havent been around in a while, I accused.Why, little girl of Lilith, have you befuddled me?No But I was starting to feel like you were only interested in me while I was dating Seth.Of course not. There was a long, overly nonchalant pause. Sohave you talked to him lately?I rolled my eyes. You are only interested in Seth Youre going to have to let it go, Carter. Seth and I are finished. Why cant you obsess on me and my new boyfriend instead?Because you can do better.Everyone keeps saying that. But Im a succubus. How much better can I do?The fact that people keep telling you that should be answer enough.Seth broke up with me , I said through gritted teeth. He doesnt want me anymore, end of story.Oh, come now. Do you really believe that? see as I was there at the break-up? Yes.Carter tsked. Georgina, Georgina. Youre letting your anger and other emotions cloud your reason, which is unfortunate since youre a lot smarter than people give you credit for. Go back and think. Why did Seth break up with you?I stared off at the far side of the street, refusing to look at him. Because he thought if we stayed together, wed both get hurt. That it would be better if we split, no matter how painful at t he time.And you think that makes him a bad person?Yes. I turned back toward Carter. Because I didnt agree. I was willing to take the risk. He gave up.Sometimes it takes more courage to know when to retreat than to keep fighting.I dont think it could have taken that much courage. He ended up with Maddie pretty quickly. No matter how hard I tried, I couldnt keep the bitterness from my voice.That takes courage too, forcing yourself to start over with someone new, to keep moving on with your life.Seems more like a rebound to me.Carter took a long drag on his cigarette. Seth didnt leave and go to Maddie because he stopped loving you. If there were no complications in the world, you would be the one he chose. You are his ideal, his first choice.Thats not flattering to Maddie.It doesnt make her less. It just nitty-gritty he loves her differently. And when you decide you have to move on, thats how it is. Just because things dont work out, it doesnt mean there arent other people you cant lo ve. Love is too big a thing for you to go without it in life.Oh yes, I said. I have so missed these cryptic conversations.Carter crooked me a grin. Im glad to see youre back to your old self.Ive missed the sarcasm too.No, Im serious. You werent a lot of fun these last few months. You were kind ofbitchy?He shrugged. I dont know. You were angry and depressed and frustrated. You stopped caring about the people around you. You werentwell, you.You dont know me or what I am.I know you better than you think. I know youre still hurting and think the universe has inclined up on you. It hasnt. I too know that as far as all this demon business is concerned, your curiosity is going to tangle you up further in something you shouldnt be involved with in the first place. Jerome, he declared, is a fool.Do you know whats going on? I asked eagerly, coming to a stop. Whos leading that cult? Whos supposedly running this huge game thats going on that I cant see?No, said Carter, expression dark. I dont know any of that. But if I were you, Id get back to Seattle soon. Stay close to Jerome.He hates me right now.No, he doesnt. Stay close to him. Hell protect you. If he cantwell, I will. If I can.There was nothing romantic in his offer of protection. It wasnt spoken with chivalrous fierceness. His manner was uneasy, like he was dealing with a last resort. I also couldnt help but replay his last words if I can . Angels-or demons-didnt use the word if very often.What do you mean if-Go back home, Daughter of Lilith. He tipped his head back to stare at the night sky, blew smoke into the air, and then looked down at me with his silvery gray eyes. Well talk soon.He dropped the cigarette to the sidewalk and vanished.I glanced around, worried someone had seen us, but wed walked far from the partiers. I stamped out the cigarette, turned, and headed back in the direction of all the nightlife to go find some guys Id noticed checking me out. A night with drunken men might still leave me feeling hollow, but at least their motives were easier to understand than angels.

Environmental Legislation And Policy Of The Eu Engineering Essay

In the 19th century, steam engine, gasoline engine and technological machinery in industry were the chief subscribers for a blatant environment. With the development of Diesel engine, jet engines, addition in usage of faster industrial production machinery including building site machinery and increased volume of route traffic, solely aggravated and intensified dissonance taint in the 20th century. 1 Action to cut down environmental reverberate was non given any precedence when comp ard to other environmental jobs such(prenominal) as air and H2O pollution. It was argued in the Commission Green melodic theme that this deficiency of involvement in go pollution was due to the fact that noise is really much a local job with really varied perceptual experiences in different parts of the confederation as to the acceptableness of the job . 2 However although there was this deficiency of legal involvement in noise pollution, people non merely regarded noise as a constituent that de teriorates the environment nevertheless recognised anyways that it is unjustifiable intervention and infliction upon valet comfort, wellness and the quality of modern life 3 . Therefore the authoritiess, back in 1969 started modulating noise in assorted legislative acts. The European Commission in the Future Noise Policy ( Green Paper ) pointed out thatAll segment provinces pass similar categorizations of the beginnings of environmental noise related to the different human activities route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic, industry, civil engineering and edifice site activities, recreational activities, out-of-door equipment ( such as gardening equipment ) .2EC Legislation on Noise the development of noise ordinance in the EU before the acceptance of the Directive 2002/49/ECOver the past 30 oldish ages, the EU s environmental policy aims have been presented in Action Programme. The second European Action Programme ( EAP ) 1978 developed the issue of noise suspension. It co ntained a whole chapter on steps against noise where it sets out risky effects that noise may hold on the human wellness. This EAP pointed out that shargon provinces have drawn up a figure of ordinances modulating noise emanations. Therefore in say to work out the job of haltering the reciprocal market, the community decided to follow an anti-noise policy. 4 Januaries hold thatCommunity statute law on noise sight loosely be divided into dickens classs. In the maiden topographic point there are a big figure of leadings harmonizing national ordinances on anything from motor mowers to goods vehicles and ordering maximal allowable noise grades. a In the 2nd topographic point there is a certain sum of legislative activity in connexion with noise produced by aircrafts. 5 On the other manus, Miriam Markus-Johansson et Al in Handbook on the Implementation of EC environmental Legislation, argued that the bing noise check out statute law can be divided into four classs motor vehic les, airplanes, out-of-door equipment, and family contraptions 6 . However the writers lack to do get up to statute law on railroad and besides industrial noise. Therefore I would state that there are cardinal classs route conveyance to let in railroad besides motor vehicles and the 5th class would be industrial noise.Road TransportMotor vehiclesUnder EU statute law, motor vehicles are divided in two classs motor vehicles with at least four wheels and motor vehicles with two- or three-wheel.Noise from motor vehicles with at least four wheelsBing the chief subscriber to environmental noise particularly in urban countries, the European Union sought to harmonize noise demands for route vehicles back in 1970, through Directive 70/157/EC. get to this the directive introduced bounds on sound degrees of route vehicles and specific processs for mensurating sound degrees of exhaust systems and silencers. 7 Noise from two and three wheel motor vehiclesMopeds and bikes are another major route traffic noise subscribers chiefly due to reckless driving behavior and / or meddling of the fumes system. Directing 97/24/EC establishes allowable sound bounds from two and three wheel vehicles and demands for exhaust systems, including replacing parts, and provides steps to counter tampering.10Directing 2001/43/EC regulates noise bounds generated by motor vehicles and dawdlers Surs where the Surs meet the route. These bounds differentiate betwixt vehicle type ( autos, new waves and trucks ) and tyre breadth ( 5 categories ) and give be enforced by including tyre noise trials in EC type-approval certification demands, which must be met for any Sur to be placed on the EU market . 8 RailwaiesA figure of enterprises where under recurrencen by the European Commission to restrict railroad noise. It even set up a railway system working group in order to lucubrate the proficient and economic facets of the settle of noise emanations from rail conveyance systems. 9 Directing 96/4 8/EC on the interoperability of the trans-European high-speed rail system, which has been detailed further throughCommission Decision 2002/735/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-speed turn overing argumentationCommission Decision 2002/732/EC on proficient specifications for interoperability ( TSI ) associating to high-velocity railroad substructureDirecting 2001/16/EC on the interoperability of the conventional trans-European rail system, supplemented byCommission Decision 2004/446/EC stipulating the basic parametric quantities of the Noise, Freight Wagons and Telematic applications for freight proficient specifications for interoperability referred to in Directive 2001/16/ECDirecting 2004/50/EC of 29 April 2004 amending Council Directive 96/48/EC and Directive 2001/16/ECCommission Decision 2006/66/EC refering the proficient specifications for interoperability relating to the subsystem turn overing comport noiseAir TransportAircraft n oise was foremost regulated by the European Commission in 1979 through Directive 80/51/ europium which was followed by Directive 89/629/EEC. The former trades with restrictions of noise emanations from subsonic aircraft registered in the district of member provinces ( which was later extended by Directive 83/206/EEC to include aircrafts from non-EU member provinces but winging to EU finishs ) , while the latter directive prohibited noisy aircraft from being registered in member provinces. Following these two directives was Directive 92/14/EEC which was based on criterions of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ( ICAO ) , to censor the noisiest aircraft from European airdromes, that is, aircrafts covered by Chapter 2 of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation besides known as the Chicago Convention, which aircrafts were non allowed to run in the EU after April 2002.Another directive based on one of ICAO s declarations is Directing 2002/30/EC where it appl ies the rule of balanced attack to resound direction around airdromes. This attack comprises four chief elements decrease of aircraft noise at beginning, land-use planning and direction steps, noise suspensions operational processs and runing limitations. 10 Outdoor EquipmentThe EU Commission drew up at least seven directives cover charge noise from assorted out-of-door equipment, whereby it regulated allowable noise degrees, noise degree taging affixed on the equipment, and noise measurings criterion of about 57 points ( i.e. 63 types of machinery ) . To simplify affairs the European Parliament and Council adopted Directive 2000/14/EC associating to resound emanation in the environment from equipment for usage out-of-doorss. The chief characteristics of this directive are harmonisation of noise emanation bounds and criterions, harmonization of conformance appraisal processs, harmonization of noise degree marker and digest of informations on noise emanations . 11 Industrial NoiseI ndustrial noise is covered by the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ( IPPC ) Directive 96/61/EC whereby member provinces governments must take the issue of noise into consideration when publishing licenses to operators of the big industrial and agricultural installings. This directive is applicable besides to bing installings that are to undergo a significant change.15Family Appliances NoiseAlthough the say relating with this type of noise is rather recent and has been regulated for after Directive 2002/49 EC came into force, I think it is of import to do a bustling mention to this directive. Directive 2005/32/EC established a model for the scene of eco-design demands for energy-using merchandises, provides criterions and processs regulating the proviso of accurate information on the noise degree of family application . 12 The Salient Features of Directive 2002/49/ECThe range of this directive is to modulateenvironmental noise to which worlds are exposed in built-up co untries, in earth Parkss or other quiet countries 13 However,this directive does non use to resound that is caused by the open individuals himself, noise from domestic activities, noise created by neighbors, noise at work topographic points or noise indoors means of conveyance or due to military activities in military countries. 14 Article 3 ( a ) of the Environmental Noise Directive ( END ) define environmental noise asunwanted 15 or harmful out-of-door sound created by human activities, including noise emitted by agencies of conveyance, route traffic, rail traffic, air traffic and from sites of industrial activity. 16 The purpose of this directive is to specify a common attack intend to avoid, prevent or cut down on a prioritised footing the harmful effects 17 , including irritation, due to exposure to environmental noise. Further aims of the said direct include that information on environmental noise and its consequence is made available to the populace, there is to be noise fu nction and besides the acceptance of carry through programs by the Member States. This leads me to the outstanding characteristic of END.Noise functionDirecting 2002/49/EC set up the construct of strategic noise function whereby appraisal is made in an country which is exposed to resound due to different noise beginnings. This is extremely regulated under Annex IV of the said Directive.By 18 July 2005 member provinces were to do available to the public information sing which is the adequate authorization to pull the noise maps. Furthermore, from 30 June 2005 and thenceforth every five old ages, member provinces are to inform the Commission of the major roads which have more than six million vehicle riders a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 naturalize rider a twelvemonth, major airdromes and the agglomerations with more than 250,000 dwellers within their district. By 30 June 2007, strategic noise maps demoing the state of affairs of the predating twelvemonth were to be drawn up the first phase. Then we have the 2nd phase, 30 June 2008, where once more member provinces were to inform the Commission of agglomeration with more than 100,000 dwellers, major roads with three million vehicles, major railroads with 30,000 rider and airdromes remained unchanged. Then by 30 June 2012 another set of strategic noise maps are to be drawn up demoing the state of affairs in the old calendar old ages. Noise maps must be reviewed, and revised if necessary, every five old ages. 18 Action programsAction programs are aimed at pull murder noise issues and effects, including noise decrease if necessary. They must run into the minimal demands set out in Annex V to the Directive.Not subsequently than 18 July 2008, action at law programs must be drawn up for major roads which have more than six million vehicle transitions a twelvemonth, railroads which have more than 60,000 train transitions per twelvemonth, major airdromes and agglomerations with more than 250,0 00 dwellers. Add to this, non subsequently than 18 July 2013, another set of action programs must be drawn up for all major agglomerations, major airdromes, major roads and major railroads. The action programs are to be reviewed when a major development occurs impacting the bing noise state of affairs, and at least every five old ages. Through the action program, the competent authorization is to pull off noise issues in mapped countries and besides protect quiet countries against an addition in noise. 19 Information for the citizenMember provinces are to guarantee that a public audience is organised and the consequences thereof are taken into history before the action programs are approved. Member provinces are to guarantee that the strategic noise maps and the action programs are made available and disseminated to the populace in conformance with Annex IV and V to Directive 2002/49/EC, thereby affecting the citizens.DecisionWhat is the chief differentiation between the directives prior to Directive 2002/49/EC and Directive 2002/49/EC itself?For more than 30 old ages, European noise policy consisted chiefly of repairing maximal sound degrees through statute law with a position to finish the individual market. As such this has non been conceived as portion of an overall environmental noise abatement plan. As already pointed out, the directives dealt with motor vehicles, aircraft, trains and railroad, industrial machinery and family contraptions. On the other manus, Directing 2002/49/EC does non put maximal degrees of noise but aims to supply a common footing for undertaking noise jobs across the EU, therefore switching from pollution control to pollution bar 20 i.e. it seeks to harmonize noise indexs and portray the information in the signifier of noise maps and do such information available to the populace. The member states competent governments ( in Malta being the MEPA ) are to pull up strategic noise maps for major roads, railroads and airdromes and agglo merations utilizing consonant noise indexs. 21 Therefore this directive does non seek to put common Europe-wide noise bounds but it will organize the footing for end puting for betterment at the EU degree and for the development of an EU scheme including steps . 22 I believe that the End came approximately because during the past 15 old ages or more there was no important betterment in exposure to environment noise particularly route traffic noise. The enlargement of high velocity rail and growing in air conveyance besides played their portion to farther addition environmental noise. 23 The Numberss of people populating in so called grey countries has increased. It has been estimated that around 20 per centum of the Union s creation or shut to 80 million people suffer from noise degrees that scientists and wellness experts consider to be unacceptable. Additionally over the past two decennaries blank activities and touristry have created new musca volitanss and new beginnings of noise . 24 Thankss to statute law and technological advancement important decreases of noise from single beginnings have been achieved. For illustration the noise from single autos has been reduced by 85 % since 1970 and the noise from lorries by 90 % . Likewise for aircraft footmark around an airdrome made by a modern jet has been reduced by a factor of 9 compared to an aircraft with 1970s engineering.Another cardinal differentiation is that of shared duty between the Community and Member States. The green paper back in 1996 held thatThe local nature of noise jobs does non intend that all action is best taken at local degree, as beginnings of noise are non ever of local beginning. 25

Globalization and the Good and the Bad Effect It Brings to the Economy and the Employment in Sri Lanka Essay

IntroductionThis assignment is dvirtuoso on Globalization and the good and the bad motion it brings to the economy and the employment in Sri Lanka. Main Date Source used was Wikipedia to gain the data of gross domestic product, GDP per capita assesss, unemployment rate, import & export rates etc. formation of the terms economy, employment in the formal sector and folksy sector is d unrivaled to give meaning to the assignment. The economy and its structural changes and the contribution to the economy and affinity with an opposite country is done. The country that has been taken into consideration as the comparison is capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore. The reasons to comp atomic number 18 with Singapore is that it has high rate of GDP per capita, GDP, export & income rates etc and it is a world leader in several economic areas.Economy & Employment in Sri LankaAn Economy consists of the economic corpse of a country or different area the labour, capital, and land resources and the manufacturing, product, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area. A given economy is the result of a process that involvesits technological evolution, history and social organization, as salutary as its geography, natural resource endowment, and ecology, as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. Citation WikipediaEmployment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Employment opportunity comes directly from investment (including foreign direct investment and investment bank) to gain excessive profit in a Business plan in the capitalist economy. Citation WikipediaEconomy & Employment in Formal Sector & Informal Sector The informal sector or informal economy is a part of an economy that is non taxed, monitored by either form of government, or included in any gross guinea pig product (GNP), unlike t he formal economy. Other terms used for informal sector can include the black market, shadow economy and the underground economy.The informal economy* Do not chip in any rules or agreements in written form or implied terms. * Exists simply on verbal understanding.* Do not take fixed wages, fixed number of work hours and well-nighly relies on daily earnings where they are unable to do savings. * Sometimes the work purlieu is packed and unclean or untidy. * Socialization process of this sector is very poor when it comes to addressing their difficulties to another party for relief or redress.People working as small traders, home based workers, cobblers, labourers, small farmers and three wheel drivers are some employment belongs to informal sector.The formal economy* Has a structured system of employment with clear rules and regulations, recruitment, agreement and responsibilities of jobs. * Relationship between the Employer and employee is through formal contract where eachparty is bound by the law of the country for any disputes arising. * Employees are required to work for fixed number of hours and receives fixed remuneration with additions to other perks. * Work environment is hygienic and decent.* Entitled to obtain leave, savings, loans etc.* nonionic association or union is available to address grievances. * Covered by social protection such as insurance schemes, pension systems, gratuity etc.People working in the public sector, semi-government sector, clannish sector, government services, banks, universities, colleges, institutes etc belong to the formal sector.Sri Lanka consists of 65,610km2 total land area with a population of 20 one million million with three ethnic groups of Sinhala, Tamil and Muslim.Sri Lanka has 92.5% literacy rate among the total population where youth literacy is 98% and computer literacy rate at 35%. The free education system was established in 1945 providing opportunities from primary to territory stage education. The p ublic universities in Sri Lanka are 15. However, receivable to the gap in the demand and the supply of labour, fresh private institutions have immerged affiliation with other create countries. As a result of globalization, scholars who are unable to enter into public universities get the opportunity to go to other countries on student visa with work permits to earn an extra income during studies. Due to government changes the education system is passing influenced and results in poor structuring leading student to migrate for higher education, sending local funds to another country influencing the economy and increasing the government shortfall.After the independence (1948) the economy structures started to change with a nominal growth but once again due to the riots in 1983 and effects of war, growth came to diminish. In 2009 the war ended creating once again a rapid growth as the fastest growing economies.According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Gross Domestic P roduct (GDP) output is US$ 59.17 billion in 2011. GDP Per Capita PPP is US$ 1,402 in 2011.http//www.tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/indicatorsSri Lanka National StatisticsMARKETS withstand former middling pulsation disregard unit type absolute frequency gold 126.75 127.55 109.46 Mar/2013 periodic linear perspective STOCK MARKET 5680.02 5635.90 6010.25 power points Mar/2013 monthly bet GDP termination PREVIOUS modal(a) METER TREND whole compose FREQUENCY GDP PER CAPITA 1402.12 1295.75 602.64 USD declination/2011 periodical aspect GDP PER CAPITA PPP 5619.92 5106.34 2393.29 USD decline/2011 Yearly collect GDP 59.17 49.55 11.40 USD Billion celestial latitude/2011 Yearly View GDP GROWTH RATE 4.80 6.40 6.44 pct family/2012 every quarter View GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE 4.80 6.40 6.44 part Sep/2012 Quarterly View GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT 6470617.00 5534327.00 840878.18 LKR one million million million Jun/2011 Yearly View LABOUR LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT author FREQUENCY POPULATION 20.87 20.45 15.75 Million Dec/2011 Yearly View UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 4.10 3.90 6.01 Percent Sep/2012 Quarterly View EMPLOYED PERSONS 7430.00 7236.00 6294.82 Thousand PersonsDec/2011 Yearly View UNEMPLOYED PERSONS 308.00 375.00 614.00 Thousand Persons Dec/2011 Yearly View advantage 68.30 68.30 80.41 Index Points Nov/2012 periodical View PRICES LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY INFLATION RATE 9.80 9.80 10.57 Percent Feb/2013 Monthly View CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI) 170.70 170.00 61.98 Index Points Feb/2013 Monthly View trade PRICES 118.70 107.70 80.01 Index Points Aug/2012 Monthly View GDP DEFLATOR 228.46 211.83 168.50 Index Points Jun/2011 Yearly View importee PRICES 133.40 117.60 74.03 Index Points Aug/2012 Monthly View PRODUCER PRICES 220 .21 216.55 56.12 Index Points Feb/2011 Monthly View MONEY LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY INTEREST RATE 7.50 7.50 8.42 Percent Mar/2013 Monthly View FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES 874510.80 845353.30 141026.03 LKR Million Dec/2012 Monthly View INTERBANK RATE 11.41 11.35 11.52 Percent Aug/2012 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M0 303095.00 297324.00 50021.34 LKR Million Jul/2012 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M1 450049.00 430000.00 118099.84 LKR Million Dec/2012 periodic View MONEY SUPPLY M2 2593185.00 2529800.00 478073.30 LKR Million Dec/2012 Monthly View mess LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY CURRENT ACCOUNT TO GDP -7.80 -2.20 -5.94 Percent Dec/2011 Yearly View parallelism OF TRADE -641.20 -992.90 -972.09 USD Million Dec/2012 Monthly View CURRENT ACCOUNT -126325.90 -189897.00 -33677.92 LKR Million Feb/2012 Quarterly View EXPORTS 871.00 827.60 1578.62 USD Million Dec/2012 Monthly View IMPORTS 1512.20 1820.50 2543.45 USD Million Dec/2012 Monthly View EXTERNAL DEBT 2981500.00 2995800.00 726582.34 LKR Million Sep/2012 Monthly View TERMS OF TRADE 88.90 91.60 112.22 Index Points Aug/2012 Monthly View disposal LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP 78.50 81.90 92.63 Percent Dec/2011 Yearly View CREDIT judge 37.50 View GOVERNMENT BUDGET -6.20 -6.90 -7.85 Percent of GDP Dec/2012 Yearly View GOVERNMENT EXTERNAL DEBT 2981500.00 2995800.00 726582.34 LKR Million Sep/2012 Monthly View GOVERNMENT SPENDING 967702.00 872610.00 119258.79 LKR Million Jun/2011 Yearly View logical argument LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY CAPACITY recitation 83.00 82.00 82.00 Percent Jun/2011 Yearly View CAR REGISTRATIONS 1880.00 1718.00 1575.43 Cars Aug/2012 Mont hly View CHANGES IN INVENTORIES 186318.00 93498.00 92964.91 LKR Million Jun/2011 Yearly View HOUSING INDEX 2390.00 2811.00 2817.60 May/2012QUARTERLY View INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION 0.20 4.10 7.17 Percent Jun/2012 Monthly View CONSUMER LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY BANK loaning RATE 14.30 14.40 13.97 Percent Jan/2013 Monthly View CONSUMER SPENDING 4568393.00 3651578.00 593007.09 LKR Million Jun/2011 Yearly View PERSONAL SAVINGS 15.40 19.30 16.69 Percent Jun/2011 Yearly View Globalization & Sri LankaIn the 20th Century Sri Lanka had a Plantation economy where production and export was cinnamon, rubber and Ceylon tea. Due to the changes implemented on government economic policies and many industries were nationalised do a greater impact on main sectors of the economy. In 1977, Free Market Economy (Liberalization) was introduced to the country adaption of privatization, deregulation and promoting of private enterprises.Production and export of tea, rubber, coffee, dinero and other commodities remains there has been an increase in the industrialization on food processing, textiles, telecommunication and finance. Main economic sectors of the country are tourism, tea export, clothing, rice production and other agricultural products.In addition to theses economic sectors overseas employment contributes hugely to the foreign exchange mainly from the Middle East. Contribution to GDP from services sector is 60%, industrial sector 28% and agriculture sector 12%. The private sector contribution is 85% of the economy.According to home(a) sources, the per capita of Sri Lanka has double since the year 2005 and during the same time period a drop of 15.2% to 7.6% on poverty and a drop of 7.2% to 4.9% of unemployment indicated. 90% of the houses in the country are electrified. 87.3% has access to drinking waterand 39% to pipe borne water. A drop in income inequality is in add ition recognized.After globalization and the liberalization with the improvement on technology Sri Lankas cellular subscriber base increased in 550% growth from 2005 to 2010. Sri Lanka was the 1st country to introduce 3G (third generation), 3.5G HSDPA, 3.75G HSUPA and 4G LTE mobile broad band internet technologies.World economy forum has listed Sri Lanka ranking 52nd in the global warringness also 8th in the World Giving Index in charitable behaviour to the society.Although poverty has fastend to some extent the malnutrition among children still remains in a higher level reporting 29% of the children being under-weight and also a severe percentage being anaemic. Positive impact has occurred after ending of the cruel war towards the road network of Sri Lanka with the help of other countries homosexual capital and technologies. Sri Lanka has 35 A grade highways and 1 controlled access highway (E01)The railway network is operated by the state run national railway operator. The transpose sector has not contributed much to the globalization where there are many difficulties faced facilitating society.There are three deep-water ports at Colombo, Galle and Trincomalee where Trincomalee port is recognized as the 5th largest natural harbour in the world. Newest addition is the port built in Hambatota.Earlier there was only Sri Lankan Airlines and one International airport in the country. But Air transummercateration has expanded to a new stage with the new worldwide air port being built in Mattala, Hambantota and also domestic plane service to Jaffna & Colombo has being restarted with sea plane services eviscerateing tourism to the country. This has helped to create many jobs in the service sector.With a grant of 20 million dollars from the US and assistance from China, a space academy is to be set up for launch of satellites of other nations andas sound as for domestic purpose. On 26th September 2012, Sri Lanka launched its 1st satellite with the intention of more launches in approach years.Even though the national sport in Sri Lanka is volleyball, Cricket has played a major role by rising from underdog status to winning 1996 Cricket World Cup, creating more opportunity to attract foreign investments and other trades to the country.Hence, Globalization has supported to promote economy & employment of Sri Lanka towards a better growth and expansion.Singapore economy towards globalizationRepublic of Singapore is a Southeast Asian country which claimed independence from the British in the year 1963 and was separated from Malaysia two years later. It has a land area of 710km2. full like Sri Lanka it has three ethnic groups, Chinese, Malays and Indians, totalling to population of 5 million. Before independence the GDP per capita of Singapore was US$ 511, this was due to the Suez Canal initiative and being the British Naval Base in the region. After the independence a modern economy was created through foreign direct investments.Today Singapore has a highly developed market base economy and is one of the original Four Asian Tigers. Its economy is known as the freest, innovative, friendliest and most competitive one. Also Singapore is ranked as one of the least corrupted countries in the world.The GDP per capita is USD 33,529.83 in 2011 and GDP is USD 239.7 billion in 2011 according to the attached graph. Singapore claims to be the worlds fourth leading financial centre and its port is one of the five busiest ports in the world. The economy of Singapore depends heavily on exports and purgation imported goods which contributed 26% GDP.When compared to Sri Lanka, Singapore has the third highest per capita income in the world (IMF) where Sri Lanka is placed at the rank of 144 (according to web sources).Transport service in Singapore is mainly by public bus or train. Very limited people have the opportunity to buy vehicles due to the high taxes imposed to reduce traffic in the cities and therefore, cut the waiting tim e and cost of fuel. Singapore has made extensive plans to improve peak hour capacity from 2015 to 2016 by adding more trains and upgrading the signalling systems where the waiting time will be reduced to no more than five minutes.But in Sri Lanka, the expatriate plays a poor role where communities have to go through many difficulties in public transport systems. Because of such problems the Three Wheeler market came to immerge playing a major part in transport systems. Bus services in Sri Lanka are very poor and waiting time is between 15 to 30 minutes in some cases where train services are concerned, the waiting time is much more that the bus services. Railway systems have to be improved vastly to facilitate the transportation in the country where the Government has to seriously take actions in implementation of such plans.Importing goods and services in Singapore is lower than the export rate where in Sri Lanka importing (USD 1,512.20) rate is higher than the exporting USD 871) r ate. Sri Lankan government should impose new laws on imports and provide opportunity for innovations and new products within the country where the deficit could be minimised. Improving exports would facilitate to foreign exchange.Toursim in Singapore is a main attraction and contributes largely to the economy and according to web sources 10.2 million tourists have visited the country in 2007. In 2005, the government leagalized gambling with the idea of attracting more tourist. Singapore is promoting a medical tourism hub with the expectation to serve to serve one million foreign patients annually since foreigners tend to seek more medical care in Singapore.Singapore also functions as an Education Hub where 80,000 international students were account in the year 2006 and it has been increasing ever since.The infrastructure, science and technology plays a main role in Singapore. Internet in Singapore offer residential plans of speeds upto 1Gbit/s increasing exports and creating 80,000 jobs in 2006. Telecommunication include services over 6 million subscribers as sources say.Singapore plays the major role in international transport hub in Asia since it is positioned on many sea and air trade routes. It is recognized as the worlds biggest ship refuelling centre. Even though Singapore is smaller than Sri Lanka, they are consisted with 08 airports in the country with a network of 80 airlines connecting Singapore to 200 cities in 68 countries.SINGAPORE NATIONAL STATISTICSMARKETS LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY STOCK MARKET 3283.85 3269.95 2382.15 Index points Mar/2013 Monthly View GOVERNMENT BOND 10Y 1.56 1.53 3.05 Percent Mar/2013 Monthly View CURRENCY 1.25 1.24 1.71 Mar/2013 Monthly View GDP LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY GDP GROWTH RATE 3.30 -4.60 5.34 Percent Dec/2012 Quarterly View GDP ANNUAL GROWTH RATE 1.50 0.00 4.74 Percent Dec/2012 Quarterly View GDP PER CAPITA 33529.83 32537.76 13907.50 USD Dec/2011 Yearly View GDP PER CAPITA PPP 61103.36 57901.56 28642.70 USD Dec/2011 Yearly View GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT 341640.90 331346.70 92568.84 SGD Million Jun/2012 Yearly View GDP 239.70 222.70 51.84 USD Billion Dec/2011 YearlyView LABOUR LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY POPULATION 5.18 5.08 3.02 Million Dec/2011 Yearly View EMPLOYED PERSONS 3358.10 3228.50 2441.83 Thousand Persons Dec/2012 Yearly View JOB VACANCIES 56400.00 47300.00 33332.61 Jobs Aug/2012 Quarterly View LABOUR cost 129.90 111.47 96.48 Index Points Nov/2012 Quarterly View PRODUCTIVITY -2.50 -3.80 2.26 Percent Nov/2012 Quarterly View UNEMPLOYED PERSONS 87.10 87.40 57.91 Thousand Persons Jun/2012 Yearly View WAGES 4773.00 4078.00 2943.95 SGD Nov/2012 Quarterly View WAGES IN MANUFACTURING 4903.00 4057.00 4354.69 SGD Nov/2012 Quarterly View UNEMPLOYMENT RATE 1.80 1.90 2.53 Percent Dec/2012 Quarterly View PRICES LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY CORE INFLATION RATE 0.20 -0.70 0.54 Percent Aug/2012 Monthly View INFLATION RATE 3.60 4.30 2.82 Percent Jan/2013 Monthly View CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI) 115.40 115.18 66.45 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View CORE CONSUMER PRICES 113.11 113.07 92.60 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View EXPORT PRICES 97.07 96.01 126.74 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View GDP DEFLATOR 115.53 112.22 86.86 Index Points Nov/2012 Quarterly View IMPORT PRICES 97.50 96.16 95.82 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View PRODUCER PRICES 104.79 102.60 91.24 Index Points Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY INTEREST RATE 0.04 0.05 1.69 Percent Feb/2013 Monthly View FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES 320732.80 320506.30 96071.84 SGD Million Feb/2013 Monthly View INTERBANK RATE 0.38 0.38 2.66 Percent Feb/2013 Monthly View LOANS TO PRIVATE SECTOR 290789.90 284237.50 149869.88 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M0 27479.40 26361.30 9284.27 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M1 144981.00 140709.10 27659.49 SGD Million Jan/2013 MONTHLY View MONEY SUPPLY M2 484447.30 475392.50 126823.47 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View MONEY SUPPLY M3 495021.70 485915.40 138597.08 SGD Million Jan/2013 Monthly View TRADE LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY EXPORTS 42963079.00 42836030.00 17413779.37 Thousand SGD Jan/2013 Monthly View CURRENT ACCOUNT TO GDP 21.90 24.40 10.91 Percent Dec/2011 Yearly View CURRENT ACCOUNT 12814.60 16976.50 7104.59 Million SGD Nov/2012 Quarterly View IMPORTS 39705603.00 37883528.00 17625168.62 Thousand SGD Jan/2013 Monthly View EXTERNAL DEBT 0.00 0.00 8.86 SGD Million Dec/2012 Quarterly View TERMS OF TRADE 99.56 99.84 128.66 Index Points Jan/2013Monthly View BALANCE OF TRADE 4687576.40 3736394.50 -204106.69 Thousand SGD Jan/2013 Monthly View GOVERNMENT LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY CREDIT RATING 98.60 View GOVERNMENT DEBT TO GDP 100.80 101.20 84.89 Percent Dec/2011 Yearly View GOVERNMENT EXTERNAL DEBT 0.00 0.00 8.86 SGD Million Dec/2012 Quarterly View GOVERNMENT SPENDING 6910.30 7204.70 3226.73 SGD Million Nov/2012 Quarterly View GOVERNMENT BUDGET 0.70 0.30 9.94 Percent of GDP Dec/2011 Yearly View BUSINESS LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION -0.40 1.30 6.49 Percent Jan/2013 Monthly View BANKRUPTCIES 149.00 195.00 238.14 Companies Dec/2012 Monthly View BUSINESS CONFIDENCE -10.00 -10.00 10.93 Feb/2013 Quarterly View CAR REGISTRATIONS 4273.00 3803.00 6751.17 Cars Jan/2013 Monthly View CHANGES IN INVENTORIES 5770.70 1036.60 380.44 SGD Million Nov/2012 Quarterly View CONSUMER LAST PREVIOUS AVERAGE METER TREND UNIT REFERENCE FREQUENCY RETAIL SALES MOM 2.10 -0.22 0.63 Percent Dec/2012 Monthly View RETAIL SALES YOY -1.50 -1.20 3.18 Percent Dec/2012 Monthly View BANK LENDING RATE 5.38 5.38 6.79 Percent Feb/2013 Monthly View CONSUMER SPENDING 27426.10 27008.00 13037.62 SGD MillionNov/2012 Quarterly ViewImpact on economy and employment due to globalization* Free trade can speed up production and labour costs including higher wages for skills, new technologies, expertise services etc. To level up with the globalized economy, more skills, knowledge, training and development have to given to the work force where they will be developed further and could attract the international job market. But at the same time it consists of a high cost to train the workforce and be competitive at the same time and retaining the trained people.* Globalization promotes employment opportunities towards international market where wealthy companies can profit and bring failure to smaller companies due to the inability to compete globally. In one way it creates multinational firm to expand more making them part of the globalization economy while opening room for the smaller companies to withdraw from the international trade.* The urgency to compete may lead to over use of natural resources to meet higher demands in the production process.* Due to globalization, Internet services have been extended in many ways to access many sites where youth in Sri Lanka nowadays spend most of their time in internet cafes with sighting illegal/improper web sites causing brain damage if engaged in a longer period. sensation programs should be held and laws to be imposed to block such sites as illegal may lead Sri Lanka to a corruption free country to at least some extent. Rather the use of internet can contribute to enhance educational knowledge in a major way due to the smooth access.Yet, Sri Lanka has the potential to create more jobs in the software and the tourism industry as many youth in the country plays an idle time awaiting their ripe(p) Level examination results. Some drop out during university education trying to find jobs. According to the Labour Force Survey (2ndquarter 2012) youth unemployment has a evidential raiseCompared to Singapore, Sri Lanka, having the resources and the intellectual human capital is enriched with new innovations, researches and business investments to promote employment and economy through globalization and gradually receive better results in the coming years.

Poverty in America Essay

Many people want to blame the government and their short comings for the reasons that affect their upward mobility, but destitute people must fully evaluate their negative ends, and their consequences, that have made poverty a perpetuating cycle in not only their lives, but their childrens. Chiefly, questioning decisions like, teen maternity, lack of education and complacency keeps poverty revolving, currently, and for future generations. The government does have an obligation to help the poor and submity in America, but as individuals, people have an obligation to help themselves in their own pursuit of happiness and success.To help end poverty, people should assess the issues of the generation before, so that the next generation has a better future. .To begin with, one of the major causes of poverty is a persons decision to drop out of school. Timothy Eagan, a newswriter with the New York Times, reported in his journal article, No Degree, and No Way Back to the Middle, that a man in his fifties with a college degree is expected to make 81 percent much than a man without one. Years prior to it was 52 percent. Without education people are to a greater extent susceptible to undesirable lifestyles then those who graduate.Besides the dilemma of having no education, dropouts face a number of challenges that could have possibly been avoided if they had decided to finish schooling. First, the non- graduate has challenges obtaining employment, consequently, they lease in criminal activity. As a result of criminal activity, non-graduates tend to end up in the penal system, and are then stigmatized against future employment. With the job market being so scarce and work wages so low, those with no parchment or degree will have no prognosis of coming out of poverty.In addition, low income people are often eligible for assistance, such as reduced cost housing, food stamps, child reverence and insurance. These programs are managed by the state, and the amount o f assistance and how it is supplied varies according to income and family size . Though these programs are meant to help temporarily, poor people decide to become comfortable with not having to do too much. Government assistance helps, but it also allows people to make a choice to become lazy and unwilling to work. They then, find slipway to scheme the system and boast about it.The government may not offer a lot per individual, but aboutthing to be thought about is this, if more needy people used government assistance programs for what they were set in place for, rather of robbing it, there would be more money allocated for those needed it, instead of those who are just used to having it. An indigent person becoming complacent with what they are given keeps them right where they are. Finally, the revolving door that most perpetuates poverty is a teens decision to have a baby.Babies having babies before they have education and experience drop their children at risk of having the same hardships theyve had to endure . Once a child has a child they are then faced with financial, emotional and physical limitations that they have not been able to yet master themselves. The fathers of these babies are often absent and in most cases too young to provide for a child, which leaves the mother looking to welfare as a means for support. When babies arrive mothers are forced to put everything, including school, on hold.And because child care is an ongoing job, young mommies dont make to college until later on in life, if at all. Once teen pregnancy rates are lowered, a drastic change will be noticed in the poverty rates. In the journal article, Class Matters, David Leonhardt, a correspondent for the New York Times, interviewed Any Blevins, a southwest Virginia native. Blevins stated, a decade after the fac,t that the biggest decision he regrets, was not going to college. All because he was complacent with what he had at the time.He now has a child and a wife that he can barely support. Even with having a high school diploma and waiting to have his son, Lucas, at more appropriate age, Blevins now sees how his decisions in the past have greatly impacted his present and his familys future. More parents need to make their children aware of how bad choices at an early age, will affect them later on in life, if their hope is for their children to do better than they did. Everyone makes mistakes, but some have such a profound impact that they effect the generations to come.

Ch notes

Indians and Africans) b) Factors that hindered unity among the europiumans in America 1. Puritans carved tight, pious, and relatively democratic communities of small family farms A homogeneous world compared to most southern colonies 2. Anglicans built plantations along the coast Where they lorded everyplace a labor force of black slaves Looked down upon the poor gaberdine farmers who settled the backcountry 3. Diversity reigned in middle colonies Well-to-do merchants put their stamp on spic-and-span York City In the countryside sprawling estates were interspersed with modest homesteads 4.Within Individual colonies, conflicts festered over economic Interests, ethnic rivalries, ND religious practices 5. All the clashes made it difficult for colonists to imagine that they were a single hoi polloi with a common density c) usual issues that led colonists to rebel against Brittany 1. The stable arrange custodyt between the colonists and Brittany began to crumble, a victim of the Imp erial rivalry between France and Brittany 2. Once the French were driven from the northwards American continent, the colonists no longer needed the British for protection 3.The British government made the choice of imposing taxes on colonies that had been accustomed to answering mainly to their gain colonial assemblies 4. Issues of taxation, self-rule, and trade restrictions brought the crisis of Imperial authority to a head II. The Shaping of north-central America Major geographical features and the importance of the Great Ice sequence a) The Rockies, the Sierra Nevada, and Coast Ranges American Mountains b) The continent was anchored In its Northeastern corner by the massive Canadian casing c) The tidewater region creased by many river valleys. Loped mildly upward to the timeworn ridges of the Appalachians d) Roof of America the land fell off Jaggedly onto the intermediation Great Basin e) The valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the Willamette- Peugeot Sound tr ough join the Interiors of present-day California, Oregon, and Washington f) When the glaciers finally retreated, they left the North American landscape transformed g) The weight of the ice mantle had depressed the level of the Canadian Shield h) The melting ice had scoured away the shields topsoil, pitting its rocky surface with thousands of shallow depressions into which the melting glaciers flowed to form lakes l) Deprived of both Inflow and ranging, the giant lake became a gradually shrinking Inland sea. It grew Increasingly saline, slowly evaporated, and left an arid, mineral- privileged desert Ill. Peopling the FIFO a) How the ancestors of the American Indians Journeyed to America and why 1 .Some Early peoples may consent reached the Americas in crude boats but most probably came by land 2. As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land twain connecting Eurasia with North America 3. Probably following migratory herds of game, ventured small bands of nomadic Asian hunters b) Ev idence that Indians of Central and South America were advanced 1 . Over the centuries they explode into countless tribes, evolved more than 2,000 separate languages, and developed many diverse religions, cultures, and ways of life 2. Their advanced agricultural practices, based primarily on the cultivation of maize 3. These peoples built elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce 4.Talented mathematicians, they made strikingly accurate astronomical observations 5. The Aztec sought the favor of the gods by offering human sacrifices snip out the hearts of he chests of living victims, who were often captives conquered in battle IV. The Earliest Americans a) Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America b) The Nazis built an elaborate pueblo of more than six hundred interconnected rooms c) Maize, strains of beans, and squash made possible three-sister farming, with beans growing on the treillage of cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil 1 .This produced some of the highest population densities on the continent d) In the northeastern woodlands, the Iroquois conspiracy plopped the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors e) The native peoples of North America were living in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements f) Women tended to the crops, while men hunted, fished, gathered fuel, and cleared fields for planting g) The Native Americans had neither the desire nor the means to manipulate constitution aggressively, they revered the physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties V. Indirect Discoverers of the New World a) Probably the first Europeans to discover America Blond-bearded Norse seafarers room Scandinavia, who had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of North America however, no strong nation-state, yearning to expand, suppor ted these venturesome voyagers. Their flimsy settlements consequently were soon abandoned, and their discovery was forgotten b) Christian Crusaders European warriors who indirectly discovered America because of Rupees appetite for exotic goods VI.Europeans Enter Africa Setting the Stage for the Discovery of America a) Marco Polo an Italian adventurer he must be regarded as an indirect discoverer of he New World, for his book, with its description of rose- tinted pearls and golden pagodas, stimulated European desires for a cheaper route to the treasures of the East b) The Portuguese not only developed the caravel, but they had discovered that they could return to Europe by sailing northwesterly from the African coast toward the Azores, where the prevailing westward breezes would carry them home c) The participants of the earliest African slave trade were Arab flesh merchants and Africans themselves. 1 . Slave brokers deliberately separated persons from the same ribs and mixed unlik e people together to frustrate organized resistance d) Portuguese they built their own authoritative traffic in slaves to work the sugar 1. Bartholomew Aids rounded the southernmost tip of the Dark Continent 2. Vases dad Gamma finally reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of Jewels and spices VI.Columbus Comes upon a New World a) In Spain, a modern national state was taken shape, with the unity, wealth and causation to shoulder the formidable tasks of discovery, conquest, and colonization b) The renaissance in the fourteenth century nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism ND adventure printing presses facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge. The mariners reaching eliminated some of the uncertainties droll sea travel c) Columbus voyages to America 1. Where in America? An island in the Bahamas 2. Columbus was a successful failure because when seeking a current water route to the fabled Indies, he in fact bumped into an enormous land barrier blocking the ocean pathway d) Columbus discovery convulsed four continents Europe, Africa, and the Americas which emerged and mutually beneficial global economic system 1 . Europe provided the markets, the capital, and the technology 2. Africa furnished the labor 3. The New World offered its raw materials VIII.When Worlds Collide Columbian Exchange a) Europeans order iguanas and rattlesnakes along with tobacco, beans, maize, tomatoes, and potatoes eventually revolutionized the international economy as well as the European diet b) The Europeans brought cattle, swine, horses, sugarcane, and the seeds of Kentucky Bluegrass, dandelions, and daisies the Native Americans adopted the horse, transforming their cultures into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies c) The Europeans brought smallpox, icteric fever, and malaria to the New World, which would quickly devastate the Native Americans. The disease syphilis was brought to the Old World. This had injected the sexually transmi tted disease into Europe for the first time. X. The Spanish Conquistadors a) Treaty of Tortillas separate the heathen lands of the New World between Portugal and Spain b) Important Spanish Explorers 1. Vases Nuke Balboa hailed as the discoverer of the pacific ocean 2. Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe 3. Juan Pence De Leon explored Florida 4.Francisco Coronado went from azimuth to Kansas, while discovering the Grand Canyon and massive herds of Bison 5. Hernandez De Sotto discovered and crossed the Mississippi River 6. Francisco Pizzeria crushed the Incas of Peru and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers c) Because of the Spanish conquests, the world economy was transformed it led to more money in Europe which led to the spread of commerce and manufacturing d) Encomia system it allowed the government to commend or give, Indians to certain colonists in return to try to Christianize them X. The Conquest of Mexico language of the powerful Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of centralMexico b) Cortes incentive was that he only treasured gold c) Mastectomy believed that Cortes was the god Sequestrate d) Ethnocentric it amazed the Spanish because of how large and beautiful it was with 300,000 inhabitants spread over ten square miles it was surrounded floating gardens odd extraordinary beauty e) Enoch Tries (Sad Night) the Aztec attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeways from Ethnocentric in a frantic, bloody retreat f) Impact of conquest of Aztec 1. Native population of Mexico decrease rapidly due to disease 2. + Crops and animals were brought to the Americas as well as language, laws, customs, and religion g) Did De la Razz the birthday off wholly new race of people X.Spanish Conquistadors (Makers of America) a) Conquistadores were nobles about half were professional soldiers and sailors the rest were peasants, artisans, and members of the middling class b) Personal motives some wanted roy al titles and favors, others wanted to ensure Gods favor, some hoped to pull dubious pasts, and some Just wanted adventure c) Conquistadores were armed with horses and gunpowder, as well as preceded by asses this helped them overpower the Indians d) Most conquistadores did not strike it rich because even if an expedition captured exceptionally rich booty, it was not divided evenly e) Messiest the new race formed a cultural and a biological bridge between Latin Americas European and Indian races XII. The Spread of Spanish America a) The upstart English sent John Callout to explore the northeastern coast of North America b) Jacques Carrier Journeyed hundreds of miles up the SST.Lawrence River c) With the intention of protection, the Spanish began to fortify and settle in the North American borderlands d) In the Battle of Coma in 1599, the Spanish severed one foot of each survivor e) During the Popes Rebellion in 1680, the pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed a differentiate of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers f) Father Junipers Sera founded at San Diego the first of a chain of twenty-one missions g) The Black Legend means killing for Christ the authors describe it as a false concept. They say that despite the mass killings, the Spanish did so many other good things that the good out weighs the bad.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 10-12

CHAPTER 10Silas sat after part the wheel of the black Audi the teacher had arranged for him and esteemd out at the great Church of Saint-Sulpice. Lit from beneath by banks of floodlights, the churchs two bell towers rose like stalwart sentinels above the buildings coherent consistency. On either flank, a shadowy row of sleek buttresses jutted out like the ribs of a beautiful beast.The heathens used a house of God to conceal their keystone.Again the brotherhood had confirmed their fabled reputation for illusion and deceit. Silas was looking forward to finding the keystone and giving it to the Teacher so they could rec over what the brotherhood had long ago stolen from the faithful.How powerful that bequeath make Opus Dei.Parking the Audi on the deserted Place Saint-Sulpice, Silas exhaled, telling himself to clear his mind for the task at hand. His broad tolerate still ached from the sensible mortification he had endured earlier today, and as yet the pain was inconsequential compared with the anguish of his life before Opus Dei had saved him.Still, the memories haunted his soul.Release your abhorrence, Silas played himself. Forgive those who trespassed against you. face up at the stone towers of Saint-Sulpice, Silas fought that familiar undertow that force that often dragged his mind back in time, locking him once again in the prison house that had been his world as a young man. The memories of purgatory came as they etern altogethery did, like a tempest to his senses the reek of rotting cabbage, the stench of death, human urine and feces. The cries of discouragement against the howling wind of the Pyrenees and the soft sobs of forgotten men.Andorra, he thought, feeling his muscles tighten.Incredibly, it was in that barren and forsaken suzerain between Spain and France, shivering in his stone cell, wanting only to die, that Silas had been saved.He had non realized it at the time.The light came long after the thunder.His name was not Silas then, alt hough he didnt recall the name his parents had gaold him. He had go away foundation when he was seven. His drunken father, a burly dockworker, enraged by the arrival of an albino son, beat his mother regularly, blaming her for the boys embarrassing condition. When the boy tried to defend her, he withal was badly beaten.One night, there was a horrific fight, and his mother never got up. The boy stood over his lifeless mother and felt an unbearable up-welling of guilt for permitting it to happen.This is my blameAs if some kind of demon were controlling his body, the boy walked to the kitchen and grasped a butcher knife. Hypnotically, he moved to the knowroom where his father lay on the bed in a drunken stupor. Without a word, the boy stabbed him in the back. His father cried out in pain and tried to roll over, but his son stabbed him again, over and over until the apartment fell quiet.The boy fled home but implant the streets of Marseilles equally un virtuosoly. His strange a ppearance made him an outcast among the other young runaways, and he was forced to live alone in the basement of a dilapidated factory, eating stolen fruit and raw fish from the dock. His only companions were tattered magazines he found in the trash, and he taught himself to read them. all over time, he grew strong. When he was twelve, other drifter a girl twice his age mocked him on the streets and attempted to fall away his food. The girl found herself pummeled to within inches of her life. When the authorities pulled the boy score her, they gave him an ultimatum leave Marseilles or go to juvenile prison.The boy moved ingest the coast to Toulon. Over time, the looks of pity on the streets turned to looks of alarm. The boy had grown to a powerful young man. When people passed by, he could hear them whispering to one another. A nicety, they would say, their look wide with f recompense as they stared at his white skin. A tint with the eyes of a devil And he felt like a a pparition transparent floating from seaport to seaport. People seemed to look right through him. At eighteen, in a port town, while attempting to steal a fount of cured ham from a cargo ship, he was caught by a p aura of crewmen. The two sailors who began to beat him smelled of beer, just as his father had. The memories of fear and hatred surfaced like a monster from the deep. The young man broke the first sailors neck with his bare hands, and only the arrival of the police saved the second sailor from a similar fate.Two months later, in shackles, he arrived at a prison in Andorra.You are as white as a nuance, the inmates ridiculed as the guards marched him in, naked and cold.Mira el espectro Perhaps the ghost ordain pass right through these wallsOver the course of twelve years, his flesh and soul withered until he knew he had become transparent.I am a ghost.I am weightless.Yo soy un espectropalido coma una fantasmacaminando este mundo a solas.One night the ghost awoke to the sc reams of other inmates. He didnt know what invisible force was shaking the floor on which he slept, nor what clevernessy hand was trembling the mortar of his stone cell, but as he jumped to his feet, a large boulder toppled onto the very spot where he had been sleeping. Looking up to see where the stone had come from, he saw a reparation in the trembling wall, and beyond it, a vision he had not seen in over ten years. The moon.Even while the earth still shook, the ghost found himself scrambling through a narrow tunnel, staggering out into an expansive vista, and tumbling down a barren mountainside into the woods. He ran all night, always downward, delirious with hunger and exhaustion.Skirting the edges of consciousness, he found himself at dawn in a clearing where train tracks cut a swath across the forest. Following the rails, he moved on as if dreaming. Seeing an empty freight car, he crawled in for shelter and rest. When he awoke the train was moving. How long? How outlying(p renominal)?A pain was growing in his gut. Am I dying? He slept again. This time he awoke to someone yelling, beating him, throwing him out of the freight car. Bloody, he wandered the outskirts of a small village looking in vain for food. Finally, his body too weak to take another step, he lay down by the side of the road and slipped into unconsciousness.The light came slowly, and the ghost wondered how long he had been dead. A day? Three days? It didnt matter. His bed was soft like a cloud, and the air around him smelled sweet with stubdles. Jesus was there, staring down at him. I am here, Jesus said. The stone has been rolled aside, and you are born again.He slept and awoke. dapple shrouded his thoughts. He had never believed in heaven, and yet Jesus was watching over him. Food appeared beside his bed, and the ghost ate it, al near able to feel the flesh materializing on his bones. He slept again. When he awoke, Jesus was still smiling down, speaking. You are saved, my son.Blesse d are those who follow my path.Again, he slept.It was a scream of anguish that startled the ghost from his slumber. His body leapt out of bed, staggered down a hallway toward the sounds of shouting. He entered into a kitchen and saw a large man beating a smaller man. Without knowing why, the ghost grabbed the large man and hurled him backward against a wall. The man fled, leaving the ghost standing over the body of a young man in priests robes. The priest had a badly shattered nose. Lifting the cover priest, the ghost carried him to a couch.Thank you, my friend, the priest said in awkward French. The offertory money is tempting for thieves. You speak French in your sleep. Do you also speak Spanish?The ghost shook his head.What is your name? he continued in broken French.The ghost could not look on the name his parents had given him. All he heard were the taunting gibes of the prison guards.The priest smiled. No hay problema.My name is Manuel Aringarosa. I am a missional from Ma drid. I was sent here to build a church for the Obra de Dios. Where am I? His voice sounded hollow. Oviedo. In the north of Spain.How did I get here? soul left you on my doorstep. You were ill. I fed you. Youve been here many days.The ghost studied his young caretaker. Years had passed since anyone had shown any kindness. Thank you, Father.The priest touched his bloody lip. It is I who am thankful, my friend.When the ghost awoke in the morning, his world felt clearer. He gazed up at the crucifix on the wall above his bed. Although it no womb-to-tomb spoke to him, he felt a comforting aura in its presence. Sitting up, he was surprised to find a countersignpaper clipping on his bedside table. The article was in French, a week old. When he read the story, he filled with fear. It told of an earthquake in the mountains that had destroyed a prison and freed many insidious criminals.His heart began pounding. The priest knows who I am The emotion he felt was one he had not felt for some time. Shame. Guilt. It was accompanied by the fear of being caught. He jumped from his bed. Where do I run?The Book of Acts, a voice said from the door. The ghost turned, frightened. The young priest was smiling as he entered. His nose was awkwardly bandaged, and he was place out an old Bible. I found one in French for you. The chapter is marked.Uncertain, the ghost took the Bible and looked at the chapter the priest had marked.Acts 16.The verses told of a prisoner named Silas who lay naked and beaten in his cell, singing hymns to God. When the ghost reached Verse 26, he gasped in shock. And suddenly, there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken, and all the doors fell open.His eyes shot up at the priest.The priest smiled warmly. From now on, my friend, if you have no other name, I shall call you Silas.The ghost nodded blankly. Silas.He had been given flesh. My name is Silas.Its time for breakfast, the priest said. You will need your strength if y ou are to help me build this church.Twenty thousand feet above the Mediterranean, Alitalia flight 1618 bounced in turbulence, causing passengers to shift nervously. Bishop Aringarosa barely noticed. His thoughts were with the future of Opus Dei. Eager to know how plans in Paris were progressing, he wished he could phone Silas. But he could not. The Teacher had seen to that.It is for your own safety, the Teacher had explained, speaking in English with a French accent. I am familiar enough with electronic communications to know they can be intercepted. The results could be disastrous for you.Aringarosa knew he was right. The Teacher seemed an exceptionally careful man. He had not revealed his own identity to Aringarosa, and yet he had proven himself a man well worth obeying. After all, he had somehow obtained very secret information. The names of the brotherhoods fourtop members This had been one of the coups that convinced the bishop the Teacher was truly capable of delivering the a stound prize he claimed he could unearth.Bishop, the Teacher had told him, I have made all the arrangements. For my plan to succeed, you must allow Silas to answer only to me for several days. The two of you will not speak. I will communicate with him through secure channels.You will treat him with respect?A man of faith deserves the highest.Excellent. Then I understand. Silas and I shall not speak until this is over.I do this to protect your identity, Silass identity, and my investment. Your investment? Bishop, if your own eagerness to keep abreast of progress puts you in jail, then you will be unable to pay me my fee.The bishop smiled. A fine point. Our desires are in accord. Godspeed.Twenty million euro,the bishop thought, now gazing out the planes window. The sum was approximately the same get along of U. S. dollars. A pittance for something so powerful.He felt a renewed confidence that the Teacher and Silas would not fail. Money and faith were powerful motivators.CHAPTER 11Une plaisanterie numerique? Bezu Fache was livid, glaring at Sophie Neveu in disbelief. A numeric joke? Your professional assessment of Saunieres code is that it is some kind of mathematical prank?Fache was in utter incomprehension of this womans gall. Not only had she just barged in on Fache without permission, but she was now trying to convince him that Sauniere, in his final moments of life, had been inspired to leave a mathematical gag?This code, Sophie explained in rapid French, is simplistic to the point of absurdity. Jacques Sauniere must have known we would see through it immediately. She pulled a scrap of paper from her pinafore pocket and handed it to Fache. here is the decryption. Fache looked at the card. 1-1-2-3-5-8-13-21This is it? he snapped. All you did was put the numbers in increasing order Sophie actually had the nerve to give a satisfied smile. Exactly. Faches tone bring down to a guttural rumble. constituent Neveu, I have no idea where the hell youre going with this, but I suggest you get there fast. He shot an anxious glance at Langdon, who stood nearby with the phone pressed to his ear, apparently still listening to his phone means from the U.S. Embassy. From Langdons ashen expression, Fache sensed the news was bad.Captain, Sophie said, her tone dangerously defiant, the sequence of numbers you have in your hand happens to be one of the most famous mathematical progressions in history.Fache was not conscious there even existed a mathematical progression that qualified as famous, and he certainly didnt appreciate Sophies off-handed tone.This is the Fibonacci sequence, she declared, nodding toward the piece of paper in Faches hand. A progression in which each term is equal to the sum of the two preceding terms.Fache studied the numbers. Each term was indeed the sum of the two previous, and yet Fache could not imagine what the relevance of all this was to Saunieres death.Mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci created this succession of numbers in the thirteenth-century. Obviously there can be no coincidence that all of the numbers Sauniere wrote on the floor belong to Fibonaccis famous sequence.Fache stared at the young woman for several moments. Fine, if there is no coincidence, would you tell me why Jacques Sauniere chose to do this. What is he saying? What does this mean?She shrugged. Absolutely nothing. Thats the point. Its a simplistic cryptographic joke. Like taking the words of a famous poem and shuffling them at haphazard to see if anyone recognizes what all the words have in common.Fache took a menacing step forward, placing his face only inches from Sophies. I certainly hope you have a much more satisfying explanation than that.Sophies soft features grew surprisingly stern as she leaned in. Captain, considering what you have at stake here tonight, I thought you might appreciate knowing that Jacques Sauniere might be playing games with you. evidently not. Ill inform the director of Cryptography you no longer ne ed our services.With that, she turned on her heel, and marched off the way she had come.Stunned, Fache watched her disappear into the darkness. Is she out of her mind? Sophie Neveu had just redefined le suicide professionnel.Fache turned to Langdon, who was still on the phone, looking more concerned than before, listening intently to his phone message. The U. S.Embassy.Bezu Fache despised many things but few drew more wrath than the U. S. Embassy.Fache and the ambassador locked horns regularly over shared affairs of state their most common battleground being law enforcement for visiting Americans. Almost daily, DCPJ arrested American exchange students in possession of drugs, U. S. businessmen for soliciting underage Prostitutes, American tourists for shoplifting or destruction of property. Legally, the U. S. Embassy could intervene and extradite guilty citizens back to the United States, where they received nothing more than a slap on the wrist.And the embassy invariably did just t hat.Lemasculation de la Police Judiciaire, Fache called it. Paris Match had run a cartoon recently depicting Fache as a police dog, trying to bite an American criminal, but unable to reach because it was chained to the U. S. Embassy.Not tonight, Fache told himself. there is far too much at stake.By the time Robert Langdon hung up the phone, he looked ill. Is everything all right? Fache asked. Weakly, Langdon shook his head.Bad news from home, Fache sensed, noticing Langdon was sweating slightly as Fache took back his cell phone.An accident, Langdon stammered, looking at Fache with a strange expression. A friend He hesitated. Ill need to fly home first thing in the morning.Fache had no doubt the shock on Langdons face was genuine, and yet he sensed another emotion there too, as if a distant fear were suddenly simmering in the Americans eyes. Im sorry to hear that, Fache said, watching Langdon closely. Would you like to sit down? He motioned toward one of the viewing benches in the g allery.Langdon nodded absently and took a few steps toward the bench. He paused, looking more confused with every moment. Actually, I return Id like to use the rest room.Fache frowned inwardly at the delay. The rest room. Of course. Lets take a break for a few proceeding. He motioned back down the long hallway in the direction they had come from. The rest rooms are back toward the curators office.Langdon hesitated, pointing in the other direction toward the far end of the Grand gallery corridor. I believe theres a much closer rest room at the end.Fache realized Langdon was right. They were two thirds of the way down, and the Grand picture gallery dead-ended at a pair of rest rooms. Shall I accompany you?Langdon shook his head, already moving deeper into the gallery. Not necessary. I think Id like a few minutes alone.Fache was not wild about the idea of Langdon wandering alone down the remaining length of corridor, but he took comfort in knowing the Grand Gallery was a dead end wh ose only exit was at the other end the gate under which they had entered. Although French fire regulations required several catch stairwells for a space this large, those stairwells had been sealed automatically when Sauniere tripped the security system. Granted, that system had now been reset, unlocking the stairwells, but it didnt matter the external doors, if opened, would set off fire alarms and were guarded outside by DCPJ agents. Langdon could not possibly leave without Fache knowing about it.I need to return to Mr. Saunieres office for a moment, Fache said. Please come find me directly, Mr. Langdon. at that place is more we need to discuss.Langdon gave a quiet wave as he disappeared into the darkness.Turning, Fache marched angrily in the opposite direction. Arriving at the gate, he slid under, exited the Grand Gallery, marched down the hall, and stormed into the command center at Saunieres office.Who gave the approval to let Sophie Neveu into this building Fache bellowed. Collet was the first to answer. She told the guards outside shed broken the code. Fache looked around. Is she gone? Shes not with you?She left. Fache glanced out at the darkened hallway. Apparently Sophie had been in no mood to stop by and chat with the other officers on her way out.For a moment, Fache considered radioing the guards in the entresol and telling them to stop Sophie and drag her back up here before she could leave the premises. He thought better of it. That was only his pride talking wanting the last word. Hed had enough distractions tonight.Deal with Agent Neveu later, he told himself, already looking forward to firing her.Pushing Sophie from his mind, Fache stared for a moment at the miniature knight standing on Saunieres desk. Then he turned back to Collet. Do you have him?Collet gave a curt nod and spun the laptop toward Fache. The red full stop was clearly visible on the floor plan overlay, blinking methodically in a room marked TOILETTES PUBLIQUES.Good, Fache s aid, lighting a cigarette and stalking into the hall. Ive got a phone call to make. Be damned sure the rest room is the only place Langdon goes.CHAPTER 12Robert Langdon felt light-headed as he trudged toward the end of the Grand Gallery. Sophies phone message played over and over in his mind. At the end of the corridor, illuminated signs bearing the international stick-figure symbols for rest rooms guided him through a maze-like serial publication of dividers displaying Italian drawings and hiding the rest rooms from sight.Finding the mens room door, Langdon entered and turned on the lights. The room was empty. Walking to the sink, he splashed cold piss on his face and tried to wake up. Harsh fluorescent lights glared off the stark tile, and the room smelled of ammonia. As he toweled off, the rest rooms door creaked open behind him. He spun.Sophie Neveu entered, her green eyes flashing fear. Thank God you came. We dont have much time.Langdon stood beside the sinks, staring in bewil derment at DCPJ cryptographer Sophie Neveu. Only minutes ago, Langdon had listened to her phone message, thinking the newly arrived cryptographer must be insane. And yet, the more he listened, the more he sensed Sophie Neveu was speaking in earnest. Do not react to this message.Just listen calmly.You are in danger rightnow.Follow my directions very closely.Filled with uncertainty, Langdon had decided to do exactly as Sophie advised. He told Fache that the phone message was regarding an injured friend back home. Then he had asked to use the rest room at the end of the Grand Gallery.Sophie stood before him now, still catching her breath after duplicate back to the rest room. In the fluorescent lights, Langdon was surprised to see that her strong air actually radiated from unexpectedly soft features. Only her gaze was sharp, and the juxtaposition conjured images of a multilayered Renoir portrait veiled but distinct, with a boldness that somehow retained its shroud of mystery.I wanted to warn you, Mr. Langdon Sophie began, still catching her breath, that you are sous superintendence cachee.Under a guarded observation. As she spoke, her accented English resonated off the tile walls, giving her voice a hollow quality.But why? Langdon demanded. Sophie had already given him an explanation on the phone, but he wanted to hear it from her lips.Because, she said, stepping toward him, Faches primary suspect in this murder is you.Langdon was braced for the words, and yet they still sounded utterly ridiculous. tally to Sophie, Langdon had been called to the Louvre tonight not as a symbologist but rather as a suspect and was currently the unwitting target of one of DCPJs favored interrogation methods surveillance cachee a deft deception in which the police calmly invited a suspect to a crime scene and interviewed him in hopes he would get nervous and mistakenly incriminate himself.Look in your jackets left pocket, Sophie said. Youll find proof they are watching you.Lang don felt his apprehension rising. Look in my pocket? It sounded like some kind of cheap magic trick.Just look.Bewildered, Langdon reached his hand into his tweed jackets left pocket one he never used. spot around inside, he found nothing. What the devil did you expect? He began wondering if Sophie might just be insane after all. Then his fingers brushed something unexpected. diminished and hard. Pinching the tiny object between his fingers, Langdon pulled it out and stared in astonishment. It was a metallic, button-shaped disk, about the size of a watch battery. He had never seen it before. What the ?GPS tracking dot, Sophie said. Continuously transmits its fixing to a Global Positioning System satellite that DCPJ can monitor. We use them to monitor peoples locations. Its accurate within two feet anywhere on the globe. They have you on an electronic leash. The agent who picked you up at the hotel slipped it inside your pocket before you left your room.Langdon flashed back to the hotel room his quick shower, getting dressed, the DCPJ agent politely holding out Langdons tweed coat as they left the room. Its cool outside, Mr.Langdon, the agent had said. Spring in Paris is not all your song boasts.Langdon had thanked him and donned the jacket.Sophies olive gaze was keen. I didnt tell you about the tracking dot earlier because I didnt want you checking your pocket in front of Fache. He cant know youve found it.Langdon had no idea how to respond.They tagged you with GPS because they thought you might run. She paused. In fact, they hopedyou would run it would make their case stronger.Why would I run Langdon demanded. Im innocent Fache feels otherwise. Angrily, Langdon stalked toward the trash receptacle to dispose of the tracking dot.No Sophie grabbed his arm and stopped him. Leave it in your pocket. If you throw it out, the signal will stop moving, and theyll know you found the dot. The only reason Fache left you alone is because he can monitor where you are. If he thinks youve discovered what hes doing Sophie did not finish the thought. Instead, she pried the metallic disk from Langdons hand and slid it back into the pocket of his tweed coat. The dot stays with you. At least for the moment.Langdon felt lost. How the hell could Fache actually believe I killed Jacques SauniereHe has some fairly persuasive reasons to suspect you. Sophies expression was grim. There is a piece of evidence here that you have not yet seen. Fache has kept it carefully hidden from you.Langdon could only stare.Do you recall the three clienteles of text edition that Sauniere wrote on the floor?Langdon nodded. The numbers and words were imprinted on Langdons mind.Sophies voice dropped to a whisper now. Unfortunately, what you saw was not the entire message. There was a fourth line that Fache pictorial mattergraphed and then wiped clean before you arrived.Although Langdon knew the soluble ink of a watermark stylus could easily be wiped away, he could not imagine wh y Fache would expunge evidence.The last line of the message, Sophie said, was something Fache did not want you to know about. She paused. At least not until he was done with you.Sophie produced a computer printout of a photo from her sweater pocket and began unfolding it. Fache uploaded images of the crime scene to the Cryptology Department earlier tonight in hopes we could figure out what Saunieres message was trying to say. This is a photo of the complete message. She handed the page to Langdon.Bewildered, Langdon looked at the image. The close-up photo revealed the glowing message on the parquet floor. The final line hit Langdon like a commission in the gut. 13-3-2-21-1-1-8-5 O, Draconian devil Oh, lame saint P. S.Find Robert Langdon